Chapter 4, Section 1

1. Chapter 4, Section 1 Vocabulary Peninsula colony Polis agora

2. Geography of Greece • Mainland Greece is a mountainous _____________. • Peninsula—_________________________________________. • The __________ Sea to the west, the ___________ Sea to the east, and the ________________ Sea to the south. • Greeks made a living off the sea: • Became fishers, sailors, traders. • Others became farmers. Farming was hard b/c of mountainous terrain, but some places could produce wheat, barley, olives, & grapes. The Minoans: • Island of _______ lies to the southeast. • Ruins of the ________ civilization located here. • Minoans were not Greeks, but were first civilization to rise in Greece.

3. Minoans & First Greek Kingdoms • Arthur Evans discovered palace at __________. • Revealed riches of Minoan people: wine, jewelry, oil, statues. • Made wealth from trade—traveled by ship to other countries. • Built ships, stone vases, & pottery—sailed Med. Sea & kept it free from pirates. • 1450 B.C.—Minoan civilization collapsed. • Historians disagree on how Minoans were destroyed. Either by undersea _______________ that created large waves & washed cities away or by a group of invaders from Greek mainland, called the ______________________. • _______________ leaders were the first Greek kings • These people invaded Greek mainland around 1900 B.C.

4. The First Greek Kingdoms • Center of Mycenaean kingdom was palace on hill surrounded by large farms. • Mycenaeans began trading with Minoans & learned about their culture. • 1400 B.C.—Mycenaeans replaced Minoans as major power on Med. Sea. • Trade made them wealthy, but they were more proud of their battles. • Most famous victory was probably the ________________. • The ___________ occurred between 1100 B.C. and 750 B.C. • Mycenaen civilization had collapsed by 1100 B.C. • During Dark Ages, Greeks were affected by less trade & poverty. • Stopped teaching writing & craftwork to others.

5. Dark Ages & Move to Colonize • Dark Ages led to population shift. • Thousands of Greeks moved, which expanded reach of Greek culture. • Greek-speaking people from northern mountains invaded Greece, called the ____________. • Settled on ________________ peninsula. • Brought new weapons & farming tools/technology to Greek people (iron). • Increased farming led to increased food—trade revived. • With new trading, new writing appeared. • Picked up idea of an alphabet from _________________. • Greek alphabet had 24 letters that stood for different sounds.

6. A Move to Colonize & The Polis • 700 B.C.—farmers couldn’t produce enough grain to feed everyone. • Result: cities sent people outside Greece to start _____________. • Colony—____________________________________________ • Greeks expanded into Italy, Spain, North Africa, & western Asia. • Trade w/colonists & “parent” cities grew. • 600’s B.C.—Greeks started minting _________. • Merchants began exchanging goods for money instead of other goods. The Polis • Nobles who owned large estates overthrew kings. • Created city-states. Each city-state was like its own tiny, independent country, known as a _____________.

7. The Polis • Main gathering place was at the top of a hill, called the _____________ (was a fortified area). • Below acropolis was the __________, which was an open area. • Served as a market & place to meet and debate issues. • Greeks were first people to develop idea of ________ • Place in which people are treated equally & have rights & responsibility • In Greek city-states, only free, native-born, land-owning men could be citizens. (later, it was just slaves & foreign born residents) • ___________ could vote, hold office, own property, & defend themselves in court. • In return, citizens had duty to serve in govt. & to fight for their polis. • Military of city-states was made of ordinary citizens. • Citizens were called __________. Fought battles on foot. • Carried round shield, short sword, 9-foot spear & walked side by side.