Understanding Industrial Toxicology: Key Concepts and Safety Measures

1. WELCOME INTRODUCTION TO INDUSTRIAL TOXICOLOGY CORPORATE SAFETY TRAINING 29 CFR 1910

2. COURSE OBJECTIVES • Provide an Introduction to Toxicology • Discuss Toxicology's Role in Today’s Industry. • Discuss General Terms Used in Toxicology. • Discuss the Routes of Entry Into the Human Body. • Discuss the Types of Hazards and Effects. • Discuss the Types of Effects Upon the Human Body. • Discuss Hazard Recognition & Control Skills.

3. INDUSTRIAL TOXICOLOGY GENERAL TERMS LETS DISCUSS SOME OF THE TERMS THAT WILL BE HELPFUL IN UNDERSTANDING THE BASICS OF TOXICOLOGY.

4. mass Density = volume 15.33 lb/gal (Sulfuric) Specific gravity = = 1.84 8.33 lbs/gal (Water) SPECIFIC GRAVITY (Continued) Specific Gravity is an abstract or dimensionless number that compares the mass of a liquid to an equal volume of water. Specific Gravity is important to toxicology because, knowing the SG of a liquid can help determine how you could be exposed to it. 1 Gallon of water is 8.33 lbs, (8.33 lbs represents it density). 1 Gallon of Sulfuric Acid is 15.33 lbs.

5. IMMISCIBLE IN WATER SOLUBLE IN WATER Float on top if SG less than 1.0 Sink to the bottom if SG greater than 1.0 Easily mixes with water and dissolves WATER WATER SPECIFIC GRAVITY (Continued) Many chemicals are soluble in water, but when the liquid does not appreciably dissolve in water, the term immiscible is used.

6. VAPOR PRESSURE (Continued) The Pressure Exerted by a Vapor Against the Sides of a Closed Container Is Called Vapor Pressure. It Is Temperature Dependent. As Temperature Increases, So Does Vapor Pressure. Vapor pressure is important in toxicology because Vapor Pressure Can Effect Dosages Received by Individuals in Enclosed Spaces.

7. VAPOR DENSITY Vapor Density is the mass of gases and vapors as it is compared to the mass of an equal volume of air or other reference gas. VD greater than 1.0. Vapors are heavier than air and lay in low areas. VD less than 1.0. Vapors are lighter than air and will rise.

8. pH • The pH of a Liquid Is the Numerical Measure of Its Relative Acidity or Alkalinity. • Range Is From 0 - 14 • Neutral Level Expressed 7.0 • Above 7.0 Liquid Is More Alkaline or Basic • Below 7.0 Liquid Is More Acidic COMMON ACIDS (pH 0-6)COMMON BASES (pH 8-14) - HYDROCHLORIC ACID - SODIUM HYDROXIDE (LYE) - HYDROFLUORIC ACID - SODIUM HYPOCHLORITE (BLEACH) - NITRIC ACID - AQUEOUS AMMONIA - PHOSPHORIC ACID - POTASSIUM HYDROXIDE (POTASH) - CHROMIC ACID - AMMONIUM HYDROXIDE

9. 12 Limewater Household ammonia 11 BASE 10 Milk of magnesia 9 8 Blood 7 NEUTRAL Pure Water 6 Tap Water 5 Coffee ACID Wine 4 Vinegar 3 Lemon juice 2 Gastric juice pH

10. ACID BASE LOW pH HIGH pH pH CHECK FOR COMPATIBILITY WITH EACH OTHER!

11. ACID BASE pH CHECK FOR COMPATIBILITY WITH YOU!

12. HAZARDOUS WASTE START DATE:______________ AMOUNT:__________________ CONTENTS:________________ HANDLE WITH CARE INTRODUCTION TO TOXICOLOGY THE STUDY OF POISONS

13. INTRODUCTION TO TOXICOLOGY (Continued) “ALL THINGS ARE POISONS, OR THERE IS NOTHING WITHOUT POISONOUS QUALITIES. IT IS ONLY THE DOSE WHICH MAKES A THING POISON.” PARACELSUS (1493 - 1541)

14. INTRODUCTION TO TOXICOLOGY (Continued) TOXIN - TOXICITY - Any of a group of poisonous, usually unstable compounds generated by microorganisms, plants or animals. Certain toxins are produced by specific pathogenic microorganisms and are the causative agents in various diseases, such as tetanus, diphtheria, etc. The effect a specific quantity or dosage of a specific toxin has on a living microorganism. This is not an absolute!

15. GENERAL CONCEPTS OF TOXICOLOGY EXPOSURE TERMINOLOGY Hazardous Material. A Material That Falls Into One or More Of the Following Categories. Hazardous Materials Can Have One or Many Characteristics That Can Add to the Intensity of the Toxic Action of a Particular Solid, Liquid, or Gas. • Ignitability Is Flammable or Combustible. • Reactivity Can React With Itself or Other Materials. • Corrosivity Can Deteriorate Another Substance. • Toxicity In Its Normal State Is Harmful to Living Things.

16. The Type of Substance. • The Amount (Dose) Absorbed. • The Period of Time Over Which It Is Absorbed. • The Susceptibility/Sensitivity of the Person Exposed. GENERAL CONCEPTS OF TOXICOLOGY (Continued) EVERYTHING IS TOXIC; IT ALL DEPENDS ON THE DOSE How Well the Body Accepts a Substance Depends on:

17. INHALATION INGESTION ABSORPTION INJECTION GENERAL CONCEPTS OF TOXICOLOGY (Continued) FOUR PRIMARY ROUTES

18. GENERAL CONCEPTS OF TOXICOLOGY (Continued) Breathing and smoking causes us to inhale substances which enter the lungs. Substance inhaled into the lungs are readily absorbed into the blood stream. INHALATION • INHALATION • INGESTION • ABSORPTION • INJECTION

19. GENERAL CONCEPTS OF TOXICOLOGY (Continued) Swallowing a substance causes penetration into the blood stream via the stomach and small intestine. INGESTION • INHALATION • INGESTION • ABSORPTION • INJECTION

20. GENERAL CONCEPTS OF TOXICOLOGY (Continued) FOOD CHAIN EXPOSURE We Could Potentially Eat Toxic Food START BARLEY GROUND CONTAMINATION

21. GENERAL CONCEPTS OF TOXICOLOGY (Continued) Entering the body through the skin causes substances to enter the blood stream at a slower rate than by inhalation or absorption. However, the resulting entry and distribution within the body is the same. ABSORPTION • INHALATION • INGESTION • ABSORPTION • INJECTION

22. GENERAL CONCEPTS OF TOXICOLOGY (Continued) Injection occurs when substances are forced through this skin. This can occur as a result of such means as compressed air, or by having the skin abraded by a penetrating object. INJECTION • INHALATION • INGESTION • ABSORPTION • INJECTION

23. American Conference of Gov. Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) • Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) • National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) GENERAL CONCEPTS OF TOXICOLOGY (Continued) EXPOSURE LIMITS SOURCES INCLUDE:

24. GENERAL CONCEPTS OF TOXICOLOGY (Continued) EXPOSURE LIMITS • American Conference of Government Industrial Hygienists: • Threshold Limit Values (TLV). (Respiratory) • Biological Exposure Indices (BEI). (Dermal) • 8 Hour Time Weighted Averages (TWA). • - How Much a Worker Can Be Exposed to in an 8 Hr. Shift. • Published by ACGIH Annually, Provides Exposure Levels. • Legally Enforceable.

25. GENERAL CONCEPTS OF TOXICOLOGY (Continued) EXPOSURE LIMITS • Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA): • Permissible Exposure Limits (PEL’s) • Found in 29 CFR 1910.1000 (The “Z” Tables) • Establishes OSHA’s Exposure Levels • Legally Enforceable

26. GENERAL CONCEPTS OF TOXICOLOGY (Continued) EXPOSURE LIMITS • National Institute for Occupational Safety And Health (NIOSH): • Recommended Exposure Limits (REL’s) • Used to Develop New OSHA Standards • Found in: “NIOSH Recommendations for Occupational Health Standards”

27. IMMEDIATELY DANGEROUS TO LIFE AND HEALTH - IDLH An IDLH level represents a maximum concentration of any toxic, corrosive or asphyxiant substance that poses an immediate threat to life or would cause irreversible or delayed adverse health effects or would interfere with an individual’s ability to escape from a hazardous atmosphere. IDLH levels are typically published by OSHA and NIOSH. In practice, when the concentration of a toxic substance in a given area is known, IDLH levels may be used for determining which type of breathing apparatus is needed when entering the area.

28. THRESHOLD LIMIT VALUE TLV - Threshold Limit Value: One of three categories of chemical exposure levels - TLV-TWA, TLV-STEL or TLV-C. TLV-TWA - Threshold Limit Value Time-Weighted Average: The time weighted average concentration for a normal 8-hour workday and a 40 hour work week to which nearly all workers may be repeatedly exposed without adverse effect. Should be used as an exposure guide rather than an absolute.

29. THRESHOLD LIMIT VALUE (Continued) TLV-STEL - Threshold Limit Value - Short Term Exposure Limit: A 15 minute time-weighted average exposure that should not be exceeded at any time during the work day. TLV-C - Threshold Limit Value- Ceiling: The concentration that should not ever be exceeded, even instantaneously.

30. TOXIC ACTION FACTORS INFLUENCING TOXIC ACTION • RATE OF ENTRY • ROUTE OF EXPOSURE • AGE OF INDIVIDUAL • STATE OF HEALTH • PREVIOUS EXPOSURE LEVELS • WORKPLACE ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS • INDIVIDUAL SUSCEPTIBILITY AND HEREDITY

31. FACTORS INFLUENCING TOXIC ACTION (Continued) An IV Injection Can Be Administered Instantaneously Whereas, a Dose Absorbed Through the Skin May Take Several Minutes to an Hour to Absorb Into the Bloodstream. The Body Can Sometimes Defend Itself Against Dosages Where The Rate of Entry is Slow. RATE OF ENTRY

32. INHALATION INGESTION ABSORPTION INJECTION FACTORS INFLUENCING TOXIC ACTION (Continued) A Dose Absorbed Through the Skin Will Be Deposited in the Blood Much Slower Than a Dose Inhaled Through the Lungs and Transferred Directly Into the Blood. Four Routes: ROUTE OF EXPOSURE

33. FACTORS INFLUENCING TOXIC ACTION (Continued) Older Persons Are Often More Sensitive to Toxic Action Than Are Younger Adults. With Aging Comes a Diminished Reserve Capacity in the Face of Toxic Stress. AGE OF INDIVIDUAL

34. FACTORS INFLUENCING TOXIC ACTION (Continued) Pre-Existing Disease or Other Medical Conditions Can Result in Greater Sensitivity to Toxic Agents. An Individual With a Pre-Existing Sensitivity to a Known Material Should Not Be Placed in a Work Environment That Might Compound the Condition. STATE OF HEALTH

35. INDIVIDUAL EXPOSURE HISTORY FACTORS INFLUENCING TOXIC ACTION (Continued) Previous Exposure to Work Place Chemicals or Vapors Can Sometimes Result in Cumulative Effects Within the Body. In Addition, Some People Can Develop a Sensitivity to These Materials Over Time. PREVIOUS EXPOSURE

36. CAUTION ENSURE EXHAUST VENTILATION IS OPERATING FACTORS INFLUENCING TOXIC ACTION (Continued) In Industries Such As Smelting or Steel Making, High Temperatures Are Encountered. As Well As Air Contaminants That Must Be Controlled. WORKPLACE ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS

37. FACTORS INFLUENCING TOXIC ACTION (Continued) Males and Females may respond differently to the Same Material. Hereditary Factors Also Can Be of Importance. Genetic Defects May Render Certain Individuals More Sensitive to a Given Material. INDIVIDUAL SUSCEPTIBILITY, HEREDITY, AND GENDER

38. EXPOSURE TERMINOLOGY • Acute Exposure: • Usually Minutes, Hours or Several Days. • Chronic Exposure: • Regular Exposure Over Months, Years, or a Lifetime. The Toxicity of the Chemical or Material Combined With the Susceptibility of the Individual Determines Whether the Exposure Is Acute or Chronic.

39. EXPOSURE TERMINOLOGY (Continued) • Latent Exposure: An injury or disease that remains undeveloped until an incubation period has elapsed. The period of time could be hours, days, months or years. The Toxicity of the Chemical or Material Combined With the Susceptibility of the Individual Is a Key Factor.

40. EXPOSURE TERMINOLOGY (Continued) • Irritant: A chemical substance that injures the tissues of the respiratory system and lungs, thereby causing inflammation of the respiratory passages. The Toxicity of the Chemical or Material Combined With the Susceptibility of the Individual Is a Key Factor.

41. FACTORS AFFECTING EXPOSURE • The Amount Entering the Body. • The Length of Time of Exposure. • The Rate of Absorption Into the Blood. • The Physical Nature of the Chemical. • The Chemical Nature of the Chemical. • The Age of the Individual. • The Health of the Individual.

42. MEASUREMENT OF TOXICITY • PARTS PER MILLION - ppm • PARTS PER BILLION - ppb • PARTS PER TRILLION - ppt • LETHAL DOSE - LD50 • LETHAL CONCENTRATION - LC50 • THRESHOLD LIMIT VALUE - TLV • IMMEDIATELY DANGEROUS TO • LIFE AND HEALTH - IDLH

43. MEASUREMENT OF TOXICITY (Continued) • PARTS PER MILLION - ppm ONE PART IN ONE MILLION PARTS

44. MEASUREMENT OF TOXICITY (Continued) • PARTS PER BILLION - ppb ONE PART IN ONE BILLION PARTS

45. MEASUREMENT OF TOXICITY (Continued) • PARTS PER TRILLION - ppt ONE PART IN ONE TRILLION PARTS

46. MEASUREMENT OF TOXICITY Lethal Dose - LD50 The LD50 is the dosage, when administrated to laboratory animals, results in 50% fatalities. The expression is made in milligrams of the substance administered per body weight of the animal expressed in kilograms (mg/kg). LD50 typically refers to dermal dosages. When extrapolated to humans, the lethal dose of an average person who weighs w kilograms is LD50 x w.

47. MEASUREMENT OF TOXICITY Lethal Concentration - LC50 The LC50 is the concentration of a material that, normally express as parts per million (ppm) by volume, that when administrated to laboratory animals, kill half of them during the period of exposure. LC50 typically refers to airborne dosages.

48. THRESHOLD LIMIT VALUE - TLV • The TLV is the upper limit of a toxin concentration to which an average healthy person may be repeatedly exposed on an all-day, everyday basis without suffering adverse health effects. TLV is Typically used for workplace exposure determinations. • Gaseous substances in air, are usually express in: • parts per million (ppm). • Fumes or mists in air, are expressed in: • milligrams per cubic meter (mg/m3). • TLV values are set by the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienist (ACGIH).

49. LC50 LD50 T I M E TLV PEL SAFE EXPOSURE 0 DOSE EXPOSURE MODEL

50. BRAIN TOXIN RESPIRATORY SYSTEMS HEART STOMACH LIVER INTESTINE TOXINS IN OUR BODY Inhaled Toxins Can Quickly Travel to Vital Organs and the Brain Causing Either Acute or Chronic Effects.