Session 6

1. Vagabonds & Sojourners Tramping the Appalachians Session 6 Leaving New Jersey for New York and Beyond But first, Geology in the News

2. Earthquake South of San Antonio 3.9 in 2008 depth 15,000’ 4.8 in 2011 depth 10,000’

3. Earthquakes Oct, 20, 2011 & 2008 depths 9,820 & 15,000 feet Next, the quake in Turkey

4. Turkey Oct. 23, 2011. Earthquake 7.2 East of Lake Van

8. The lake's outlet was blocked at some time during the Pleistocene, when lava flows from Nemrut volcano blocked westward outflow towards the Muş Plain. Now dormant, Nemrut Dağı is close to the western shore of the lake, and another dormant stratovolcano, Süphan Dağı dominates the northern side of the lake Out of New Jersey and into New York Lake Van (Turkish: Van Gölü, Armenian: Վանա լիճVana lich or Vana Lij, Kurdish: Gola Wanê[3][4][5] ) is the largest lake in Turkey, located in the far east of the country in Van district. It is a saline and soda lake, receiving water from numerous small streams that descend from the surrounding mountains. Lake Van is one of the world's largest endorheic lakes (having no outlet). The original outlet from the basin was blocked by an ancient volcanic eruption.

9. Out of New Jersey and into New York The Graden State Parkway Leaving Ocean City Up the Garden State Parkway to IH-80 IH-80 to the GW Bridge up NJ 9W on the top of the Palisades black lava ridge to NY State The George Washington Bridge

10. Heading for New York state on the top of the Palisades black diabase cliff New Jersey Hudson River New York George Washington Bridge

11. Driving North on d-W we leave the lava cliff for the glaciated red beds, Leave New Jersey, and enter New York and pass through Orangeburg. NJ 9-W going north Hudson River Palisades black diabase cliff Remember, the lava rocks of New Jersey

12. New York Hudson River New Jersey Orangeburg, NY New Jersey What’s interesting about Orangeburg? Triassic red beds & black lavas George Washington Bridge

13. Orangeburg, NY: Camp Shanks and Shanks Village Camp Shanks: NY WW II port of embarkation Shanks Village: NYC Veterans Housing

14. Palisades black lava ridge Hudson River Glaciated Triassic red beds “Shanks Village” Today The geology of south east New York state

15. The geology of south east New York state The Great Valley Teconic Mountains New York New Jersey Highlands (Blue Ridge Mountains) Connecticut New Jersey Triassic red beds & black lavas Focus on the Hudson River

16. focus Hudson River Triassic red beds & black lavas

17. And narrow here Notice how wide the Hudson River is here The wide Hudson called the Tappan Zee Let’s take a side trip to Connecticut across the Tappan Zee Bridge

18. Glaciated metamorphic & igneous rocks of the Teconic “Mountains” Hudson River (Tappan Zee) Tappan Zee Bridge Triassic black lava ridge

19. Tappan Zee Bridge looking toward Connecticut

20. Heading for the Merritt Parkway and New Canaan, Conn

21. New Canaan, CT Tappan Zee Bridge Merritt Parkway Conn NJ New York The Merritt Parkway, Connecticut

22. The Merritt Parkway, opened in 1938

23. The Merritt Parkway, the Oldest Parkway in the United States What’s geologically interesting in New Canaan?

24. Glacial Deposits: Connecticut New Canaan, Village Center Glacial sand & mud crowning the hill top

25. New Canaan, Village Center Glacial sand & mud crowning the hill top How might we get river deposits on hill tops?

26. Glacial outwash Sand & gravel from melting glacier to the north Glacial outwash now being removed by erosion Glacial ice; last ice age Ice filled valleys Ice filled valleys Taconic Mountain igneous rocks before last glaciation A local example of glacial age stream deposits on the top of hills: Williamson & Travis Counties

27. Gage stream deposits on hill tops: Williamson & Travis Counties Pilot Knob volcano Who has a house built on the glacial outwash in New Canaan?

28. Should you go to New Canaan Sandi’s home for her high school senior year

29. Now up the Hudson River Valley

30. http://www.priweb.org/ed/TFGuide/NE/topo/topo_files2/topo_pdfs/ne_topo2.pdfhttp://www.priweb.org/ed/TFGuide/NE/topo/topo_files2/topo_pdfs/ne_topo2.pdf Hudson River Our route: out of Conn into NY at West Point & on up to Vermont New York State Great Valley Conn Blue Ridge/Tectonic mountains Triassic red beds & black lavas

31. Great Valley West Point “Blue Ridge” Mountains New York Taconic and older netamorphic rocks New Canaan Triassic red beds & black basalt lavas Connecticut New Jersey

32. Great Valley Storm King State Park West Point “Blue Ridge” Mountains West Point & the Hudson River up close

35. Storm King State Park

36. Note: as we leave New Jersey, the Hudson Highlands (Blue Ridge) terminates into the Taconic Mountains after crossing the Hudson at West Point The narrow Great Valley of New Jersey spreads out in New York along the Hudson River Why the direction change of the “Blue Ridge” and Taconic mountains?

37. The Appalachian Mountains through geologic time Taconic mountains Ordovician Geosyncline 12,000+ feet thick Ordovician Geosyncline 6,000+ feet thick 450 million years ago, end Ordovician time Cambrian Geosyncline 12,000+ feet thick Location of New Jersey

38. The Appalachian Mountains through geologic time Devonian geosyncline 350 million years ago, Devonian time These mountains are the piedmont Devonian geosyncline crushed & melted by Acadian mountain building Location of New Jersey

39. The Appalachian Mountains through geologic time Acadian Mountains (Piedmont?) 25 million years later 350 million years ago, Devonian time Location of New Jersey

40. The Appalachian Mountains through geologic time Deposition off the Acadian Mountains 325 million years ago, Mississippian time Location of New Jersey

41. The Appalachian Mountains through geologic time 25 million years later 325 million years ago, Mississippian time Location of New Jersey Africa moving toward North America

42. The Appalachian Mountains through geologic time 300 million years ago, Pennsylvanian time Location of New Jersey Beginning of Appalachian Geosyncline

43. The Appalachian Mountains through geologic time 300 million years ago, Pennsylvanian time 50 million years later Appalachian mountain building geosyncline crushed & melted by collision with Africa & South America Location of New Jersey

44. The Appalachian Mountains through geologic time 250 million years ago, Permian time Appalachian mountain building geosyncline crushed & melted by? Location of New Jersey

45. The Appalachian Mountains through geologic time 250 million years ago, Permian time 50 million years later Appalachian mountain building geosyncline crushed & melted by? Location of New Jersey

46. The Appalachian Mountains through geologic time 200 million years ago, Triassic time Triassic red beds & black lavas A brief summary Location of New Jersey

47. What might we remember about the geologic history of the Appalachians • Appalachian mountain were created • from geosynclinal deposits as three • mountain building episodes over • a period of about 250 million years 2. The Taconic mountains were formed first from a thick, narrow a geosyncline extending from New England into the Canadian Maritime Provinces Back to our drive north up the Hudson Valley 3. The Acadian mountains appear to account for the Piedmont province of the central & southern Appalachians

48. Driving north from West Point Hudson River Great Valley “Blue Ridge” Mountains West Point

49. Catskill Delta Red beds Valley and Ridge Great Valley Remember: everything we encounter from here north will be glaciated Let’s look at the big picture

50. Area of last slide Catskill Delta