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The Muslim World - Achievements

The Muslim World - Achievements. Objectives. Essential Questions How did Islamic civilization preserve and extend ancient Greek, Persian, and Indian learning? What were some contributions of Islamic civilization?.

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The Muslim World - Achievements

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  1. The Muslim World - Achievements

  2. Objectives • Essential Questions • How did Islamic civilization preserve and extend ancient Greek, Persian, and Indian learning? • What were some contributions of Islamic civilization? • Student will demonstrate knowledge of Islamic civilization from about 600 to 1000 C.E. by • Citing cultural and scientific contributions and achievements of Islamic civilization

  3. Rise of Muslim Urban Centers • Cordoba • Located in modern-day Spain • Umayyad capital • Population of over 500,000 • Mix of Muslims, Christians, and Jews created a cosmopolitan atmosphere • Center of Muslim culture • 70 libraries, 700 mosques, and 27 free schools • Damascus • Located in modern day Syria • Known for its fine cloth called damask and for outstanding steel and armor • Cultural center of Islamic learning

  4. Damascus Cordoba

  5. City Building and Architecture • City of Baghdad • Abbasid capital • Selected in 762 C.E. along the Tigris river • 100,000 architects, workers, etc. to build the city • At it’s peak a population of over 1 million • Unique circular design call the “round city” • Three protective walls ringed the city • Caliph’s palace located in inner most circle along with grand mosque • Cairo • Located in modern-day Egypt • The Fatimid capital

  6. Social Structure • Role of women • As believers, men and women are equal according to the Qur’an • “Men are the managers of women’s affairs” and “righteous women are therefore obedient” • Shari’a law gave women specific legal rights concerning marriage, family, and property • More rights than European women of the time period • Could have access to education • Main responsibility was to raise children • Muslim society was made up of four social classes • Upper class • Born Muslim • Paid least amount of taxes • Second class • Converts to Islam • Paid a higher tax that upper class, but lower than bottom two classes • Protected people • Christians, Jews, and Zoroastrians • Slaves • Prisoners of war, non-Muslims • Performed household work or fought in military

  7. Muslim Scholarship • Protection of European knowledge • Muslim leaders and scholars helped to preserve and expand ancient knowledge from Europe, Persia, and India • Houses of Wisdom • First library/academy opened in early 800s in Baghdad • Translated works into Arabic • 1ST universities Arabic language • Became the language of learning and scholarship • Advancement of scholarship • Practical concerns • Relied on math and astronomy to calculate prayers times and the direction of Mecca • Deep curiosity • Quest for truth that dated back to Muhammad • Emphasis on study and scholarship

  8. Medical Advances/ Science and technology Astronomy • Compasses used to locate the direction of Mecca • Figured out the exact times for prayer and length of Ramadan • Study of Optics • Used to develop telescopes and microscopes Geography • Calculated Earth’s circumference within 9 miles of its correct value • Produced a world atlas with dozens of maps • Compass • al-Razi • Greatest physician of the Muslim world • Wrote encyclopedia called the Comprehensive book • Believed patients would recover better if they were exposed to clean air • Hospital experiment

  9. Mathematics/ Science • Spread Indian concept of zero • used Arabic numerals • Al- Khwarizmi • Born in Baghdad in late 700s C.E. • Studied Indian sources rather than Greek • Wrote textbook explaining Algebra • Al-jabr • Two major ideas introduced by Muslim Scholars • Reliance on scientific observation and experimentation • Mathematics as the basis of all knowledge

  10. Philosophy • Ibn Sina • Most famous philosopher • All knowledge from God, had proof that the soul was immortal • Translated the works of the Greek philosophers into Arabic • IbnRushd • Tried to harmonize Greek writings of Aristotle and Plato with Islam • Was attacked by some religious thinkers • Argued both beliefs had the same goal- to find truth

  11. Muslim Literature • The Sufis known for their poetry • Focused on mystical experiences with God • Popular literature • The Thousand and One Nights • Collection of fairy tales, parables, and legends Strong tradition of literature in Arabia before arrival of Islam • Bedouin poets Qur’an is the standard for all Arabic literature and poetry • Poetry sang praises of Muhammad and of Islam

  12. Muslim Art and Architecture Architecture • Greatest cultural blending • Blend of Byzantine, Persian, and European influences Mosques • Usually had a minaret (tower) and a prayer room inside • Variety of design styles that reflected the diversity of Muslim lands • Arab rich artistic traditions were enhanced by Islam • Islam forbade depiction of living things • based on the idea that only Allah can create life • Led to development of Calligraphy • Art of beautiful handwriting

  13. Architecture Dome of the Rock The Great Mosque in Mecca

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