The Muslim World

1. The Muslim World 600-1250A.D.

2. Vocabulary List • Allah: Muslim name for God • Muhammad: Arab prophet who founded Islam • Islam: A religion based on the teachings of the prophet Muhammad. Qur’an (Submission to the will of Allah) • Muslim: Follower of Islam • Hijrah: Muhammad's migration from Mecca to Medina in 622 A.D. • Hajj: Islamic holy pilgrimage • Mosque: Islamic place of worship

3. Vocabulary List II • Qur’an/Koran:Islamic holy book • Sunna: Islamic model for living, based on the life/teachings of Muhammad • Shiria (Shirja): Islamic holy law • Caliph: Islamic title of successor/deputy/ruler • Sunni: Believe that the first four Caliphs were “rightly guided” • Shi’a/Shi’ites: Muhammad’s son-in-law Ali should have succeeded Muhammad

4. The Rise of Islam • Deserts, Towns, and Travelers • Geography of the Middle East • Most of the Arabian Peninsula is a large desert • Crossroads of Trade and Ideas • Trade goods traveling from Europe to Asia went through Arabia • Center of ideas from Europe, Egypt, Persia, and Byzantium

7. The Prophet Muhammad: Revelations (613-622) • Orphan, Rich businessman/trader • Religious/Prayed a lot • Angel Gabriel came to Mohammad • Believed he was the last prophet • He believed that Allah (God) instructed him to tell people to abandon all other gods except Allah! • Muslim:one who has submitted to Allah • 613 A.D. Preaching publicly in Mecca • 622 A.D. Muhammad kicked out of Mecca for his belief • Moved to Medina • Hajrah: 200 mile trip Migration to the city Yathrib/Medina • Attracted many devout followers

8. Returning to Mecca (630) • Muhammad’s teachings grew in Medina • Large Army • 10,000 soldiers • Fought the city of Mecca for seven years, finally conquering it in 630 AD • Converted many of the people of Mecca • Destroyed the Idols in the Ka’aba

9. Ka’aba

10. Beliefs and Practices of Islam The Five Pillars The Five Pillars • Faith • There is no God but Allah, and Muhammad is the messenger of Allah • Prayer • Must pray five times per day facing Mecca. • Mosqueis a Muslim house of prayer • Alms • All Muslims are to give money to the poor through a special religious tax • Fasting • During holy month of Ramadan, Muslims eat or drink nothing between sunrise and sunset • Pilgrimage • All Muslims must travel to Mecca at least once in a lifetime

11. Islamic Beliefs and Practices of Islam • A Way of Life • Cannot eat pork or drink alcohol • Cannot bring harm to body,(destroying image of God) • Sources of Authority • The Qur’an (Koran) is the Muslim holy book • The official language used in the Qur’an is Arabic • The Shariah, or Muslim law, brings unity to all Muslims • Sunna: Mohammad’s Example (WWMD)

12. People of The Book • Called Jews and Christians • People of the Book • Cannot force Conversions (Convert) • Must want convert for your own reasons/heart • Jews and Christians paid a Poll Tax • In exchange for military service • No destruction of their property/cities • Held good jobs • Gov. workers/scholars • Jewish Golden Age • Muslim Controlled Spain

13. Links to Judaism and Christianity • Allah is the same God worshipped in Christianity and Judaism • Jesus is viewed as a prophet, not the Son of God • Jesus is mentioned more in the Qur’an • Jews and Christians are referred to People of the Book under Islam and Muslim lawrequires toleration of these faiths • “Cousin Religions” • Same Grandparents….different parents

14. Links to Judaism and Christianity • Allah is the same God that is worshiped by Jews/Christians • Jesus is important (Prophet/not the son of God) • Qur’an is the word of God as told by Mohammad • Perfected version because it is more recent • All three believe in Heaven, Hell and Judgment Day • Trace their ancestry to Abraham • Similar teachings from Holy books

15. Muslim Achievement: Muslim Society • The Rise of Muslim Urban Centers • Baghdad, capital of the Abbasid Dynasty, became the most powerful city with almost 1 million people • Four Social Classes • Muslims at birth • Converts to Islam • Christians and Jews • Slaves

16. Role of Women • Men and Women are held equal as believers • They held many rights in early Muslim society, including education and right to inheritance • Today many women are oppressed in some Islamic countries • Women are viewed as being “Pure” • Must protect women from unjust men

17. Islam After Muhammad • Died at the age of 62 • Did not name a successor/no guidance on how to pick one • Picked Abu-Bakr (loyal friend) • Divided Muslims • Rightly Guided Caliphs (Caliphate) • First 4 successors of Muhammad • All personally knew Muhammad • Unleashed a Jihad • Jihad: Struggle • 2 Types: Inner/Outer Jihad

18. Why did Islam Spread • Before Muhammad died he stated that he wanted to spread Islam!! • Armies were well trained/commanded (Abbasids Caliphate) • Well funded!(Gold/Trade) • Weakness of surrounding Neighbors • Persecuted people wanted refuge from Byzantine /Sassanid (Persian) Empire • Offered equality/hope in this world • Welcomed the Muslims

19. Islam Splits • Caliph is murdered • Civil war over replacement • Mohammad’s son-in-law Ali (Murdered) • Umayyads came into power • Moved the capital from Mecca to Damascus • Upset man Muslims (too far away) • Lived lavish lifestyles • Division: Sunni vs. Shi’a • Source of modern tensions between Muslims today

20. Division of Islam Shi’a Sunni Broke away due to Umayyads rule Believe that Caliph should be be from the bloodline of Mohammad Party of “Ali” Believe in 4 “Rightly Guided Caliphs” Followed the Umayyads rule

21. Division of Islam • Abbasid Caliphate takes over in 750 A.D. • One Umayyad prince escapes to Spain • Established a Muslim kingdom in Spain (Moors) • Abbasids move capital to Baghdad • Raised money by taxes and trade

22. Muslim Scholarship Extends Knowledge • Torchbearers of Knowledge (Fall of the Romans) • After Fall of Rome (476 AD), the West fell into a dark age • Muslim scholars saved ancient knowledge by translating Greek, Persian, and Indian writings into Arabic • The House of Wisdom in Baghdad was the most important center of learning in the Muslim world • Preservers of Education

23. Islamic Social Classes • 4 Social Classes • 1st Class: Muslim at Birth • 2nd Class: Coverts to Islam • 3rd Class: People of the Book • 4th Class: Slaves • Role of Women • “Men are the managers of the affairs of women” • “Righteous women are therefore obedient” • Equals • More economic/property rights (Divorce) • Multiple wives……treated the same

24. Arts and Sciences Flourish in the Muslim World • Medical Advances • Persian scholar Rhazes wrote extensive books on medical knowledge • Believed that patients would recover better if they breathed cleaner air • Forefather of germ theory

25. Arts and Sciences • Math and Science Stretch Horizons • Muslims first to solve problems by experimentation • They believed that the basis for all knowledge was mathematics • Algebra • Muslim writings about math and astrology were used to create the first telescopes and microscopes • Muslim Art and Architecture • Art was based on calligraphy, or beautiful handwriting • Architecture blended many ideas, included use of arches, domes, and vaults

26. Calligraphy

27. Mosques

28. Dome of the Rock

29. Islamic Issues • Tensions between Muslims and Christians • Media outlets need to make money • The New Russians • Cold War • Islamic Extremists are not “normal” • Use the Koran as a means of getting what they want • Justifying their actions

30. Media/Movies

32. Christians?