CHAPTER 16 SECTION 1

1. CHAPTER 16 SECTION 1 RUSSIA AND THE WESTERN REPUBLICS

2. HISTORY OF EXPANSION VIKINGS SETTLED BETWEEN THE BALTIC AND BLACK SEAS IN THE NINTH CENTURY MONGOLS FROM THE EAST INVADED 400 YEARS LATER AND CONTROLLED THE REGION UNTIL THE 1500S

3. IVAN THE GREAT UNIFIED THE REGION IN THE 1500S.

4. St. Basil’s Cathedral in Moscow was completed in 1555, under the rule of Czar Ivan the Terrible.

6. Legend has it that Ivan had the architect of this beautiful building blinded so that he could never build or design anything as beautiful again, for anyone else.

7. St. Basil’s is a Russian Orthodox Church and is decorated with paintings and gilding on all its interior walls.

10. THE KREMLIN

11. The Kremlin (“fortress” in Russian) surrounds government buildings and what were once the Czar’s personal churches.

12. KREMLIN CATHEDRALS

13. CATHEDRAL OF THE ASSUMPTION

14. CATHEDRAL OF THE ANNUNCIATION

15. ST. PETERSBURG

16. PETER THE GREAT DESIGNED THE CITY, WHICH WAS BUILT FROM A MOSQUITO-INFESTED SWAMP.

17. IT BECAME A COMPLEX OF ISLANDS AND CANALS WITH HUNDREDS OF BRIDGES.

19. EVERY BRIDGE IS UNIQUE

20. THE FIRST STRUCTURE HE BUILT WAS THE FORTRESS OF SAINTS PETER AND PAUL OVERLOOKING THE NEVA RIVER.

22. INSIDE THE FORT WAS PETER THE GREAT’S PERSONAL CATHEDRAL

24. ICON IN THE CATHEDRAL

25. PETER BUILT THE ADMIRALTY FOR THE COMMANDERS OF THE RUSSIAN NAVY

26. This is a statue of Peter The Great. The body was cast in bronze before he died The head was cast from his death mask and added later. The only problem is that the head of the statue is ended up to be too small for the bronze body!

27. NEXT TO THE RIVER NEVA IS THE WINTER PALACE OF THE CZARS

28. TODAY, THE WINTER PALACE IS HOME TO THE HERMITAGE, ONE OF THE LARGEST ART MUSEUMS IN THE WORLD

29. THE CATHERINE THE GREAT CHANDELIER IN THE HERMITAGE MUSEUM

30. PETER DESIGNED HIS CITY TO IMITATE PARIS

31. NEXT TO THE WINTER PALACE

32. ONE OF THE MOST BEAUTIFUL CHURCHES IN ST. PETERSBURG IS THE CHURCH ON SPILLED BLOOD, NAMED FOR THE SITE WHERE THE CZAR’S SON WAS ASSASSINATED.

33. IT IS COMPLETELY COVERED IN MOSAIC TILE ON THE EXTERIOR.

34. 1917 AND THE REVOLUTION

35. OUTSIDE THE WINTER PALACE, THE HOME OF THE ROMANOV FAMILY FOR A FEW MONTHS OF THE YEAR, A PROTEST IN 1917 GREW INTO THE RUSSIAN REVOLUTION.

36. REVOLUTIONARY SQUARE

37. ARCH IN REVOLUTIONARY SQUARE

38. Communism • Led by the writings of Karl Marx, a German philosopher, Vladimir Lenin instituted a command economy, originally thought to improve the lives of workers • Instead, communism led to scarcity, inefficiency, and lack of consumer goods

39. Collective Farms • Large state farms, called collectives, were formed, and workers were moved by force by the government to work on them. • The farms were inefficient and did not reward hard work. • Many people starved because of the failure of the farms to feed the Soviet people.

40. OUTSIDE THE KREMLIN IS RED SQUARE, LOCATION OF LENIN’S TOMB

42. LENIN’S TOMB

43. A CUSTOM AMONG RUSSIAN COUPLES IS TO VISIT MONUMENTS IN RED SQUARE BEFORE THEIR MARRIAGE CEREMONY.

45. THEY TAKE PICTURES, AND THE BRIDE LAYS HER BOUQUET AT A CHOSEN MONUMENT, USUALLY TO HONOR FALLEN SOLDIERS.

46. OUTSIDE RED SQUARE IS THE WAR MEMORIAL TO RUSSIANS WHO DIED IN WORLD WAR II. THE GUARDS CHANGE EVERY FEW HOURS.

47. THE CHANGING OF THE GUARD AT THE TOMB OF THE MONUMENT OF THE RUSSIAN SOLDIERS

48. Josef Stalin • Stalin came to power after Lenin’s death. • His strict rule sent political enemies to the “gulag,” or series of concentration camps in Siberia. • He is believed to have sent 14 million people to their deaths in the 1930s and 1940’s.

49. TRANISTION TO MARKET ECONOMY BORIS YELTSIN and MIKHAIL GORBACHEV are credited with opening the Soviet economy up and relaxing restrictions on the press.

50. NEXT TO RED SQUARE IS THE FORMER GOVERNMENT STORE, KNOW AS G.U.M. IT IS NOW A DESIGNER MALL WITH FOUNTAINS AND GLASS CANOPY CEILING.