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Biochemistry 153A Lec 1: MTWF 9am Lec 2: MTWF 11am CS24

Biochemistry 153A Lec 1: MTWF 9am Lec 2: MTWF 11am CS24. Professor Heather L Tienson Winter 2012. “Success is the peace of mind, which is a direct result of the self-satisfaction in knowing you did your best to do the best that you are capable of.” -John R. Wooden. Office Hours:.

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Biochemistry 153A Lec 1: MTWF 9am Lec 2: MTWF 11am CS24

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  1. Biochemistry 153ALec 1: MTWF 9amLec 2: MTWF 11amCS24 Professor Heather L Tienson Winter 2012 “Success is the peace of mind, which is a direct result of the self-satisfaction in knowing you did your best to do the best that you are capable of.” -John R. Wooden

  2. Office Hours:

  3. Textbooks OR

  4. Websites to know:

  5. Grading

  6. Personal Response Card (Clicker) OR

  7. BiochemistryThe Study of Life on the Molecular Level Bio = Life Chemistry = Property of Molecules

  8. BiochemistryChemistry of Life

  9. What You Will Learn in 153A • Composition, structures and functions of biomolecules • Principles of enzyme catalysis • Central metabolic pathways of energy transduction • Beginning of an understanding of the integrated picture of life and its basis in chemistry.

  10. Composition, Structures, and Functions of Biomolecules Smaller Molecules Macromolecules H2O CO2 O2 ATP Coenzyme A NAD+

  11. Principles of Enzyme Catalysis

  12. Central Metabolic Pathways of Energy Transduction

  13. Basis for LifeCells Prokaryotes: lack nucleus Eukaryotes: membrane-enclosed nucleus

  14. Prokaryotes(e.g. Escherichia coli) Adapted to fluctuating environments

  15. Prokaryotic Cell

  16. Eukaryotes(e.g. Saccharomyces cerevisiae or human cells) Adapted to stable environments

  17. Eucaryotic Cell

  18. Evolutionary Relationships

  19. Eukaryotes(Differences with Procaryotes) • Increased complexity: >10,000 rxns vs. ~3,000 rxns • Increased size: 103 – 106 x volume • Smaller surface:volume ratio • Membrane-enclosed organelles • Increased solvent capacity • Increased membrane surface Compartmentation

  20. Complexity of Biomolecules Requirement for Structural Diversity

  21. Composition of a Typical Bacterial Cell Simply learning structures appears to be a monumental task!

  22. Principle of Structural Simplicity

  23. Biopolymers • Types • Homopolymers • Heteropolymers • Length and Branching • Linear • Branched

  24. Homopolymers Linear Homopolymer Branched Homopolymer

  25. Heteropolymers Linear Heteropolymer Branched Heteropolymer

  26. Biological Macromolecules

  27. Proteins(Amino Acids) Only 21 naturally-occurring/genetically encoded amino acids Only linear structures

  28. Polysaccharides(Sugars) Only a few sugars (~8) Linear and branched molecules

  29. Lipids (Various Precursors)Neutral Lipids

  30. Lipids (Various Precursors)Phospholipids

  31. Nucleic Acids(Nucleotides)

  32. Macromolecules are composed of polymers of a few simple precursor molecules

  33. Structural Diversity

  34. Proteins aa1–aa2–aa3–…aan Number of structures = 20n ~100 amino acids per molecule 20100 molecules

  35. Nucleic Acids N1–N2–N3–…Nn Number of structures = 4n 1,000,000 nucleotides per DNA molecule 41,000,000 molecules!!!

  36. Polysaccharides Homopolymers and Heteropolymers Many different sugar molecules Linear and branched Many different molecules!!!

  37. Lipids Many complex molecules!!!

  38. Simple construction provides an immense number of possible structures fully capable of providing the necessary diversity required for life.

  39. Thermodynamic Principles A Review

  40. Thermodynamics Energy and Its Effects on Matter

  41. Thermodynamic Principles • Thermodynamics determines whether a physical process is possible (i.e. spontaneous) • Themodynamics provides no information about the rate of a physical process

  42. Thermodynamic Systems Closed: Physical Chemistry (Equilibrium) Open: Biochemistry (Steady-State) Inputs and Outputs

  43. Thermodynamic Systems Closed: Physical Chemistry (Equilibrium) Open: Biochemistry (Steady-State) Inputs and Outputs

  44. First and Second Laws of Thermodynamics First Law of Thermodynamics Energy is Conserved Second Law of Thermodynamics The Universe Tends Toward Maximum Disorder

  45. Consequences of Second Law of Thermodynamics • Spontaneous processes proceed in directions that increase the overall disorder of the universe • Increased order in a system requires decreased order of the surroundings

  46. Free Energy Indicator of Spontaneity (of Biological Processes)

  47. Gibbs Free Energy (G) G = H – TS H = Enthalpy (Heat Content) S = Entropy (Disorder) A ——> B ∆G = GB – GA ∆G = ∆H – T∆S

  48. Change in Gibbs Free Energy (∆G) Exergonic: spontaneous Endergonic: requires input of energy

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