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Understanding the Immune System Through Micro Teaching Digital Presentation

Develop a PowerPoint on the immune system, including WBCs, defense mechanisms, and specific immunity types. Explore cell-mediated and antibody-mediated responses.

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Understanding the Immune System Through Micro Teaching Digital Presentation

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  1. Assignment 3: Micro Teaching Digital Presentation (Microsoft Power Point) Mabell J. Martinez ETEC 546 The purpose of this assignment is that each scholar to develop a micro teaching digital presentation (Microsoft PowerPoint) in order to maintain a productive learning environment, everyone who teaches needs to know how to lecture using presentation software. Such software can add a great deal to the effectiveness of a lecture and teaching.

  2. The Immune System By Mabell J. Martinez

  3. Involves WBC’s (Leukocytes) Granular and Agranular cells

  4. White Blood Cells

  5. GRANULAR Basophil Neutrophil Eosinophil Release histamine when stimulated; help prevent blood clots Phagocytize bacteria Increase in number during allergic reaction

  6. Monocyte Lymphocyte AGRANULAR Largest WBC’s; enlarge and become macrophages that engulf bacteria Produce antibodies, attack viruses & bacteria directly

  7. Two Types of Defense Mechanisms • Nonspecific • provides general protection against pathogens (disease causing microorganisms including fungi, bacteria, protozoa, viruses); act rapidly • Ex.barriers: skin, mucous linings acid secretions inflammation, phagocytes, cytokines

  8. Two Types of Defense Mechanisms • Specific • Specifically made to attack antigens (substances capable of stimulating an immune response) • Take longer than nonspecific mechanisms, but highly effective • Referred to as: immune responses

  9. Two types of SPECIFIC Defense Mechanisms • Cell-Mediated Immunity • Lymphocytes called T cells attack tumor cells and cells infected by invading pathogens • Antibody-mediated Immunity • Lymphocytes called B cells mature into plasma cells that produce antibodies

  10. Cell Mediated Immunity • Depend on Lymphocytes and Phagocytes (include neutrophils and macrophages) • Three types of lymphocytes: • T Cells • B Cells • NK cells (natural killer)

  11. Cell Mediated Immunity: T cells • Made from stem cells in bone marrow • Stop at thymus gland for processing and are now capable of immunological response

  12. Cell Mediated Immunity: T cells cont’d • T Cells include: • CD8 cells • cytoxic T cells (Tc)- recognize, destroy cells with foreign antigens on their surfaces • suppressor T cells (Ts)- release cytokines that inhibit activity of other T cells and B cells

  13. Cytotoxic T cell

  14. Cell Mediated Immunity: T cells cont’d • T Cells include: • CD4 cells (helper T cells)- secrete substances that activate/enhance immune response • We have 500+ per drop of blood Human T lymphocyte

  15. HIV Attacks CD4 Cells • HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) attaches to CD4 receptors and destroys helper T cells • Over time T cells decrease in number • Therefore, T cells’ ability to resist infection is lowered • Less than 200 T cells per drop of blood and/or infections and cancers= AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome)

  16. HIV virus attacking T cell

  17. HIV Virus

  18. HIV infected T cells

  19. Cell Mediated Immunity: B cells • Made and mature in bone marrow • Carry receptors needed to bind with a specific type of antigen • When it binds to antigen, it divides and develop into plasma cells that secrete antibodies

  20. Cell Mediated Immunity: NK cells • Large, granular lymphocytes • Made in bone marrow and differentiate outside thymus • Kill target cells by nonspecific/specific processes • Destroy by puncturing cell membrane • Do not require antigen presentation

  21. Natural Killer Cells

  22. Phagocytes:Macrophages • Digests most of bacterial antigens and antigens displayed on surface of macrophage • An antigen presenting cell (APC) because it displays bacterial antigens and its own surface proteins • Important in nonspecific and specific defense responses

  23. Macrophage attacking E. coli

  24. Ability to Recognize Self Depends on: • MHC (major histocompatibility complex) • In humans: HLA (human leukocyte antigen group) • These are membrane proteins with so many combinations that only identical twins are likely to have same MHC proteins

  25. MHC classes • Class I antigens- found on most nucleated cells and important in distinguishing self and nonself • Class II- antigens found only on immune system cells • They regulate interactions among T, B, and antigen-presenting cells • Bind with peptides • Class III- include components of complement system

  26. Antibody-Mediated Immunity • B cells can produce specific antibodies • Antibodies (Immunoglobulins: Ig) are specific proteins that respond to antigens • They do not destroy antigen, just label it for destruction

  27. Antibody

  28. Five Classes of Antibodies • IgG- 75% of antibodies • IgM- both IgG and IgM stimulate macrophages and activate the complement system • IgA- present in mucus, tears, saliva, milk, prevents viruses and bacteria from attaching to epithelial surfaces

  29. Five Classes of Antibodies cont’d • IgD- low concentration in plasma; helps activate B cells following antigen binding • IgE- releases histamine when antigen binds to it; immunity to invading parasitic worms

  30. ABO Blood Groups • IAIA, IAiO= Blood type A that has antigen A, antibody against type B • IBIB, IBiO= Blood type B that has antigen B, antibody A • IAIB= Blood type AB that has antigen A & B and no antibodies • iOiO=Blood type O, no antigens, A & antibodies

  31. ABO Blood Groups

  32. Testing ABO Blood Types Type A: Clumping in blood drop A with anti-A antibodies Type B: Clumping in blood drop B with anti-B antibodies Type AB: Clumping in both blood drops A and B Type O: No clumping in blood drops A or B

  33. Immunity(Two Types) • Active • developed after exposure to antigens • Naturally such as after contracting disease • Artificially through immunization • Develops memory cells and immunity lasts many years

  34. Immunity(Two Types) • Passive • Individual given antibodies actively produced by another organism • Does not produce memory cells • Immunity lasts only a few months; temporary

  35. Reference • Solomon, E.P., Berg, L.R, Martin, D.W., and Villee, C. 1996. Biology 4th Ed. Saunders College Publishing, FL.

  36. Immune System QUIZ!! • What are the two types defense mechanisms? • Specific (specifically made to attack antigens and nonspecific (provides general protection against pathogens) • What are the two types of SPECIFIC defense mechanisms and what are major cells involved? • Cell mediated (T cells) & antibody mediated (B cells)

  37. Quiz Continued • What are the three types of lymphocytes used in cell-mediated immunity? • T Cells • B Cells • NK cells (natural killer) • Does blood type A contain antibodies against type A? • No, blood type A that has antigen A; antibody against type B

  38. Last of Quiz Questions • Explain the process of blood typing using the antibodies A and B. How does one know what blood type they are? • Name and describe the two types of immunity. • Passive, active

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