Therapeutic Cloning and Stem Cell Therapy

1. Therapeutic Cloning and Stem Cell Therapy By: Breanna Lent Chrissy Douglas NaveedStegamat

2. How much do you know already know about Stem Cells? TRUE or FALSE: Embryonic stem cells are pluripotent and can become any cell type. T/F___________ Adult stem cells can become virtually any cell type in the body. T/F__________ Adult stem cells can be artificially reverted back into embryonic stem cells. T/F __________ Induced pluripotent stem cells are man made. T/F_________ Scientists already know every there is to know about stem cells. T/F_________ TRUE FALSE TRUE TRUE FALSE

3. How are the 3 types of Pluripotent Stem Cells different?

4. What are the three types? • Pluripotent- a cell that has the potential to differentiate into any of the three germ layers, or any fetal or adult cell type • Parthenote Stem Cells 2. Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells 3. Embryonic Stem Cells

5. Parthenote Stem Cells • Created by only use of an egg • Parthenogenesis- process

6. Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells • Created by transformation of adult somatic cell • Adult Cell: differentiated cell of specific part of body; ex. Nerve cell or muscle cell • Virus Vector used to dedifferentiate adult cell • 1stiPS cells were found in mice in 2006 • Human iPS cells found in 2007

7. Reprogramming Adult Cell • Use retrovirus as vector to transform the adult cell or fibroblast cell • Retroviruses integrate the genes for the Oct4. Klf4, Sox2 and cMyc transition factors into the adult cells’ genomes • With these genes the adult cell is now in an embryonic like state or pluripotent state

8. Fibroblast Cell • Type of cell in loose connective tissue that secretes the protein ingredients of the extracellular matrix • Scientists first reprogrammed this cell from a mouse then able to reprogram in humans • Why? - they can be easily extracted from a patient and are easy to culture in a lab

9. Transgenes

10. STEMCCA • At first, used many viruses to transform cell • - increases risk of cancer due to the many cMYC genes being integrated • STEMCCA: “stem cell cassette” • - combined all genes onto one virus vector

12. Embryonic Stem Cells • Found in blastocysts created by fertilization of egg and sperm

13. Controversy Embryonic • Kills embryos that are human beings Induced Pluripotent • More likely to cause cancer because of the cMYConco-gene

14. What’s the difference between Multipotent and Pluripotent stem cells?

15. Multipotent- These cells can only give rise to cells in their own lineage or closely related family of cells. • Pluripotent-These cells are descendants of totipotent stem cells and can give rise to cells of the three germ layers: endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm. They have no contribution to extraembryonic membranes or the placenta.

16. What are the three classes of Hematopoetic Stem Cells

17. Lymphocyte-biased HSC’s (Ly-bi) • High L/M ratio. Lymphocytes >10. • 2. Myeloid-biased HSC’s (My-bi) • Low L/M ratio. Lymphocytes >0, <3. • 3. Balanced HSC’s (Bala) • Lymphocytes > or = 3 and < or = 10

18. Lymphocytes(Lymphoids) • There are three types of Lymphocytes under the two classes, Large and small lymphocytes. • T-cells (thymus-derived cells)-Small Lymphocyte • Mostly involved in cell-mediated immunity • 2. B-cells (bursa-derived cells)- Small Lymphocyte • Mostly involved in humoral immunity • 3. Natural Killer cells (NK Cells)- Large Lymphocyte • Play a major role in defending the host from tumors and virally infected cells.

19. Monocytes(Myeloids)