A VISUAL ASSESSMENT FOR LAND USE ANALYSIS AT THE COASTAL AREA OF BEYSEHIR LAKE

1. A VISUAL ASSESSMENT FOR LAND USE ANALYSIS AT THE COASTAL AREA OFBEYSEHIR LAKE By: Cigdem Ciftci1, Sukru Dursun2, Sinan Levend1 1Selcuk University, Engineering & Architecture Faculty, City & Regional Planning Department, Konya-Turkey; 2Selcuk University, Engineering & Architecture Faculty, Environmental Engineering Department, Konya-Turkey BALWOIS 2010 - Ohrid, Republic of Macedonia - 25, 29 May 2010

2. Basin's ecology through the headwaters is strongly effected from land use at coastal areas Agriculture, urbanization, mining, fishery and forestry practices cause to degradationof lake ecosystem via transport of harmful materials. As a type of fragile coastal area wetland should have planned sensitive land use planning. The Land Use Issue in Coastal Areas BALWOIS 2010 - Ohrid, Republic of Macedonia - 25, 29 May 2010

3. Sustainable Land Use Planning In Coastal Wetland • In sensitive land use planning should have taken care of some of limits in the amount of land using growth • When exeeding this limits, wetland is been lost. i.e. more than 50% of the nation’s original wetland area in the USA has been lost Recently, it is estimated that more than 90% in Europe and 50% in the world of wetland was dried BALWOIS 2010 - Ohrid, Republic of Macedonia - 25, 29 May 2010

4. Sampling Area As both a wetland and the biggest freshwater lake of Turkey Beysehir Lake is chosen a survey area to research the coastal land use. The visual land use assessment technique was used to compare with principles of coastal land using of wetland, as to environmental and ecological literature, the present land using of Lake Beysehir. Turkey has 45 natural lakes which are consist from surface area 12% of all land using. (Some of the lakes area greater than 45 km2 is shown in Figure.) BALWOIS 2010 - Ohrid, Republic of Macedonia - 25, 29 May 2010

5. Geography and geomorphology Geographical and geomorphologic structures of the basin as natural thresholds are also determinants of land use: • Beysehir Lake is a tectonic lake. Lake is situated in the sedimentation area related to the third geological time of the earth's crust. • The Beysehir Lake Basin drains from the surface drainage to the lake Beysehir, from underground drainage to Mediterranean Sea. • Therefore there is some water loss through holes in the lake to the Manavgat basin in Mediterranean, in other words through the Dudens which are located in the west of the north-south direction into a region of Manavgat water.

6. Climate of Research Area The research area is between in arid and humid transition zone characters for being partly in Mediterranean Region and partly Central Anatolia Region, with regard to temperature, just like Central Anatolia and precipitation also Mediterranean. • Lake is fed from 27 creeks but in summer all of them dried creeks. • The average amount annual rainfall is 494.9 mm and monthly rainfall amount distribution is irregular. • The low of temperatures in months of winter and spring rainfall appear to be rising.

7. The ecosystem of Beysehir Lake integrates next to lake ecosystems (Suğla and Eğirdir Lakes), and supplies good quality landscape environment to migratory birds. Due to non-inhabited area on approximately 35 pieces islands this basin is appropriate to stay migratory birds. The more than 166 different bird species refuge to the Beysehir Lake. Basin Ecosytem Beysehir Lake Egirdir Lake Sugla Lake

8. Three species vertebrates lives both land and water environment, 11 species reptiles to and 20 species mammals have been detected Three ecosystems were found in the basin ecosystem: forest, steppe and standing water, lake and stream ecosystems. In the basin flora consists of 491 genera, 1353 species, 179 subspecies and 55 varieties belonging to 102 families. The total number of taxonomy is 1,495 in Beysehir Basin. The rate of endemic plants is 16.1% for Turkey. Basin ecosystem

9. Water quality • Physical, chemical and biological elements of Beysehir Lake are closer to value eutrophyic lake. Lake shows mesotrophic character as to OECD indicator. • The amount of average dissolved oxygen in the lake is between 3.3 mg/L and 13.2 mg/L. • Due to their high level of nutrients in the eutrophic lake algae is growing • Chemical oxygen demand in lake water is ranged from 6.1 to 43.0 mg/L. • When the high phosphorus content (35 to 100 mg / L), total nitrogen content(100 mg / L) and light transmittance value (300-150 cm) is taken into account, lake shows eutrophic level. • Heavy metal pollution of the lake level was lower.

10. The Structure of Population of Basin’s Setlements • While urban population rates in the basin was increasing to 18.95% between 1970 to 1997, rural population rates was decreasing 0.7 % in the same years, • Which is more than Turkey’s urban rate of population increase with 2.475%. • This leads to an increasing density in the built-up area and thus applies pressure on the natural resources within coastal wetland. Generally urban or built-up land is comprised of areas of intensive use with much of the land covered by structures. For example, historical city texture is a place low density. But even if these patterns are very fragment coastal areas.

11. The Structure of Population of Basin’s Setlements • The largest attraction centres in the basin are 5 urban areas • The basin’s largest settlement is Beysehir, its population growth rate is 30.62 % from 1990 to 2000. • This average growth rate for urban areas is much faster than the average of population growth rate in the basin belongs to between 1990 and 1997 (18.95%) • Beysehir’s population is expected to continue to grow. Urban population in Basin of Beysehir Lake (1970-1997),

12. The Structure of Population of Basin’s Setlements • The mean family size between all of the rural settlements in the Basin of Beysehir Lake is 3 defining a nuclear family type. • The average of urban family size is 6 defining a big farmer family type. • Primarily to Beysehir the other urban settlements also gains population from rural settlements in or out of its region. • The age pyramid shows an agglomeration in the age of 20-64 which is an economically active population groups

13. The Economic Structure Of Basin Of Beysehir Lake • Main livelihood sources in Basin are agriculture, animal husbandry and fisheries. • Dominant sectors in the Basin’s urban settlements are the service and (commercial, individual and administrative services) agricultural sectors. • The distributions of field land using at rural settlements in Basin are as follows: 56 % dry farming, 31 % irrigated agriculture, 11 % grassland and 2 % vegetables and fruit. • At the rural areas in Basin the sectoral distribution of working population is as follows: 63 % farming and animal husbandry, 14 % farming, 8 % animal husbandry, 5% fisheries etc. Distribution of Rural Area’s Land Use Sectoral Distribution of Working Population

14. General Discussion And Recommendations • Next to the Lake Open space consist of farmlands, for agricultural field, recreational areas and wild lands (forest lands, marshes, dunes, unmanaged habitats, field corners, vineyards, abandoned pastures, etc.). • However, the majority of settlements in the Basin had chosen the places as being close to water resources (Next to the both Lake and river or estuary)

15. General Discussion And Recommendations • Especially Beysehir District, has got the greatest population in the Basin, The potential negative impacts to water and natural resources increase day by day due to the intensity of land use increases. In Basin of Beysehir Lake one of the important threats is coastal urbanization. Fast growing population and internal migration are revealed the expending of the urban developing areas on the coast.

16. General Discussion And Recommendations • The drained of the Lake for purposing agricultural irrigation is an important threat in addition to semi arid or arid climatic period. • The other threats are tourism and industrial development policies which are designed for rapid development. For example coastal dune transform to a recreational terrace along the urban coast. • Destructive fisheries actions are present at the Beysehir Lake. For example adding the new fish species for commercial purposes to the Lake, endemic fish species are lost there. This action resulted in the reduction of herbivorous fish species.

17. Whole of coastal Beysehir Lake are surrounded the interurban roads adjoining the coastal areas. Another destructive actions are eutrophication born of pollution, for example agricultural wastes, lack of the waste treatment systems in the some of district. Using excessive of resources destroyed the ecosystem balance.(cutting reeds for commercial profit, using of the freshwater for agricultural irrigation, fishermen activity etc) General Discussion And Recommendations

18. Conclusion Brifly, • We need to use sustainable of natural values for increasing water quality such as forestry, grassland,dunes, reeds, marshes etc. • The sector politics about using of land water should be adapted to Ramsar Convention

19. Thanks for your attention