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Ergogenic Aid

Ergogenic Aid. substance or technique used to improve performance many are placebos. Categories of Ergogenic Aids. Nutritional aids Pharmacological aids Physiological aids Psychological aids Mechanical or biomechanical aids. Alcohol.

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Ergogenic Aid

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  1. Ergogenic Aid substance or technique used to improve performance many are placebos

  2. Categories of Ergogenic Aids • Nutritional aids • Pharmacological aids • Physiological aids • Psychological aids • Mechanical or biomechanical aids

  3. Alcohol • Social drug, classified as a depressant, use can elicit a paradoxical opposite effect: stimulant • Performance Factor: mental strength, decrease mental stress, e.g., archery

  4. Theory: although it is a depressant, may relieve the stress and anxiety on motor control in precise sports. Some contend increases self-confidence, improving performance • Effectiveness: well controlled studies, mixed results. Dart throwers improve at BAC of 0.02 (1 drink), but impaired at 0.05 (~2 drinks). • May impair if sport requires good reaction time, balance, and eye/hand coordination e.g., tennis • athletes that consume in moderation 1-2 drinks have no performance impairment, more does impair performance • Safety: moderation is key, excess can lead to death • Legal and ethical: use is specifically banned for modern pentathlon. Use for sports in which anxiety may interfere with performance is unethical (skating, diving, ski jumping, etc.) • Recommendations: may improve some sports, but its use is banned for those sports. Not recommended

  5. Anabolic Phytosterols (Plant Sterols) • Classification and usage: dietary supplements that may be classified as nutritional ergogenic aid. Extracted from various plants and vegetables. • Several of their derivatives are marketed to strength-trained athletes. E.g., gamma oryzanol, smilax, beta-sitosterol, and ferulic acid.

  6. Other plant extracts, ginseng and yohimbine are also marketed • dosage depends on packaging • Performance Factor: mechanical edge and physical power. Used to increase muscle mass and decrease body fat for enhanced strength and power, or for a more aesthetic physical appearance in sports such as body building • Theory: means of stimulating testosterone and GH • Effectiveness: no evidence they work. Animal studies suggests that gamma oryzanol supplement may suppress testosterone • Safety: many herbal products lack safety data. Some preparations can cause health problems and anaphylactic reactions and fatalities • Legal and Ethical Issues: supplementation is both illegal and unethical • Recommendations: not recommended as an aid. No scientific evidence to support use and may have adverse health effects

  7. Anabolic/Androgenic Steroids (AAS) • Classification and usage: Pharmocological. Prescription drugs designed to mimic the effects of testosterone, the natural male sex hormone. • Anabolic: growth and development of many body tissues

  8. Androgenic: growth and development of male secondary sex characteristics, such as facial hair • can be taken orally or injected. Normal therapeutic dose is 5-10 mg/day of oral compounds, many athletes take up to 300 mg/day. • Some take steroids as “staking” use of two or more steroids at once, others cycle • Sports Performance Cycle: mechanical edge and power. Studied to increase power and muscle mass. May effect mental processes, increasing aggressive behavior

  9. Theory: may influence both physiological and psychological processes associated with performance. • AAS influence the cell nucleus to enhance muscle protein formation. AAS may help prevent the breakdown of muscle tissue, possibly leading towards a more rapid recovery from an intense workout. • Effectiveness: Use of AAS in conjunction with diet and strength training work will result in increases in lean muscle mass and strength. The effect of AAS on actual performance has not been studied

  10. Safety: use might elicit adverse effects ranging from changes in cosmetic appearance, such as acne, to life-threatening disorders such as heart disease. Additionally, black market sources of AAS might contain preparations of unknown quality and composition. May impair liver function (oral are metabolized by the liver) • Legal and Ethical Issues: one of the most abused drugs in sports competition. Use is prohibited, is possible to test positive if eat meat that was injected with AAS to promote growth. • Recommendations: research supports effectiveness of AAS, not recommended because it is illegal, unethical, and may increase health risks

  11. Creatine • Classification and usage: classified as a physiological ergogenic, but some regard it as a nutritional ergogenic aid. • Is an amine, a natural dietary constituent present in small amounts in animal foods. But it also may be synthesized by the liver and kidney from several amino acids

  12. most studies use doses of 20-30 gm/day, consumed in 4-5 doses throughout the day, for 5-7 days. • most common form used is creatine monohydrate powder • Sports Performance Factor: physical power and mechanical edge. used in attempts to increase high power and speed in sports that derive energy primarily from the ATP-PC energy system. Also been studied in relation to increased body mass • Theory: normal dietary requirement and endogenously synthesized creatine approximates 2 gm, amount adequate for generating normal intramuscular creatine phosphate (CP). Supplementation could increase whole body creatine pool, theoretically facilitating the generation of CP.

  13. Effectiveness: Oral supplementation of 20-30 gm/day for 5-7 days significantly increased intramusclular concentrations of both free creatine and CP during rest and recovery after intense exercise. However, some subjects were non-responders • Vegetarians (limited dietary creatine) may benefit the most • consuming with glucose may enhance the uptake • Consistent findings is increased body mass. (.9-2.2 kg). increase is not necessarily lean tissue, probably water bound to the creatine, decreased urine output (fluid retention)

  14. Safety: pose no actual health risks yet, but because of filtration by the kidneys, possible to have kidney damage, possible death. Leads to muscle cramping, due to increased water content in muscle, diluting the electrolyte levels • Legal and Ethical: currently legal for use, may be unethical and in the future, illegal. • Recommendations: may be an effective sports ergogenic for specific exercise tasks depending on the ATP-PC energy system

  15. Carbohydrate Loading • Recommended for a major endurance competition (42.2 km marathon, 100-mile bike, 2 or 3 day soccer tournament) • Supercompensation of glycogen stores • Traditional method can be very difficult to stomach • Modified method is easier to handle

  16. Traditional Method • Day 1: moderately long bout of exercise (not exhaustive) glycogen depletes • Day 2, 3, & 4: Low CHO intake (deplete CHO), (high protein and fat) tapering exercise • Day 5, 6, & 7: High CHO, tapering exercise or rest (6 & 7) • Day 8: Competition

  17. Modified Method • Day 1: moderately long bout of exercise (deplete glycogen) • Day 2, 3, & 4: Mixed diet, moderate CHO intake, tapering exercise • Day 5, 6, & 7: High CHO diet, tapering or rest (6 & 7) • Day 8: Competition

  18. Ephedrine • Classification and Usage: pharmacological sports ergogenic, sypmathomimetic drug, mimics the effects of natural epi and norepi • Rx: asthmatic and cold or cough medications, herbal teas (Ma Huang), and dietary supplements marketed for weight loss

  19. Sports Performance Factor: Mental strength and physical power, sports that use any of the energy systems • Theory: By activating the sympathetic response, enhance contractility, increase Q and blood glucose levels. Enhance all performance, especially aerobic activity

  20. Effectiveness: limited research, no support for use as an ergogenic aid • Safety: Side effects include headache, nervousness, GI distress, seizures, psychoses (death as well) • Legal Ethical Aspects: Prohibited by IOC, many organizations do not check for use. Can be difficult for those with asthma.

  21. Recommendations: not recommended because there is no research to support their effectiveness and it may be associated with severe health risks

  22. Diet Pills without Ephedra • Classification and Usage: pharmacologic, various types of stimulant in different “brands” • Theory: Increase metabolic rate, burn more calories and lose weight • Effectiveness: may be effective, depends on the stimulant used.

  23. Safety: Depends on the stimulant, most use caffeine and another sympathomimetic. • Legal and Ethical Aspects: Legal, not ethical if the specific stimulants are banned. • Recommendations: The amount of weight lost depends on caloric intake and caloric expenditure. Better, healthier ways to lose weight.

  24. Caffeine (Trimethylxanthine) • Classification: Pharmacological & Nutritional • Theory: CNS stimulant → psychological arousal. Primary theory is enhanced release of FFA, sparing glycogen. Stimulate the release of Ca2+ in muscle cells →PCr system. Effectiveness: 100 years of research: effective across all energy systems

  25. Safety: Safe in legal amounts: 100-300 mg • Research varies 3-15 mg/kg BW

  26. Legal/Ethical: Legal, but classified as a stimulant. IOC allows 12 mcg/ml urine, need ~800 mg for illegal levels • Recommendations: Effective and safe ergogenic. Some recommend lowering legal level in urine • Use: 5 mg/kg BW, pills may be better than coffee (2-3 cups) for source. Abstain from caffeine for 2-3 days prior

  27. Nictric Oxide • Classification: Physiologic or pharmacologic • Theory: All types of NOS produce NO from arginine with the aid of molecular oxygen and NADPH.

  28. NO diffuses freely across cell membranes. • Intracellular messenger within adipocytes • Insulin - stimulated glucose uptake dependent on NO synthesis • NO: suppress leptin secretion (leptin increases eNOS) • Suppresses lipolysis • There are so many other molecules with which it can interact, that it is quickly consumed close to where it is synthesized.

  29. NO relaxes the smooth muscle in the walls of the arterioles. • At each systole, the endothelial cells that line the blood vessels release a puff of NO.

  30. This diffuses into the underlying smooth muscle cells causing them to relax and thus permit the surge of blood to pass through easily. • Mice whose genes for the NO synthase found in endothelial cells (eNOS) has been "knocked out" suffer from hypertension. • The erection of the penis during sexual excitation is mediated by NO released from nerve endings close to the blood vessels of the penis. • Relaxation of these vessels causes blood to pool in the blood sinuses producing an erection.

  31. Bodybuilders take it b/c increased blood flow will serve to deliver more nutrients to muscles • And, NO acts to reduce inflammation • Safety: inhibiting NOS decreases tumor grow growth, not sure if it is absorbed from the gut • Legal/Ethical: ??? • Recommendations: Wait for more data

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