Livestock vaccines against viral diseases for developing farmers in sub-Saharan Africa

1. Livestock vaccines against viral diseases for developing farmers in sub-Saharan Africa CIFSRF grant no. 106929-001 DB Wallace

2. The issues • Project overview • Targeted diseases and vaccine development • Livestock farmer education • Gender study in livestock farmer communities • Progress • Conclusion

3. Issues: • Livestock are an important commodity in most countries, especially Africa – however, livestock diseases cause substantial losses, many caused by viruses • Diseases are generally regional or cyclical • - e.g. in SA, Rift Valley fever and lumpy skin disease • Unvaccinated livestock are a source of infection • Vaccine use needs to be encouraged • Education • Gender concerns

5. Lumpy skin disease ( LSD )

6. Sheep and goat pox ( SPP & GTP ) ( http://www.esgpip.net/PDF/Technical%20bulletin%20No.29.pdf ) ( From: Dr Catherine Cetre-Sossah, CIRAD )

7. Rift Valley fever ( RVF ) (with permission, Liezel Odendaal, UP)

8. Peste des petits ruminants ( PPR ) With permission, NCFAD

9. How do we control these diseases?

10. Vaccination

11. Problems with vaccine use • Primary animal health • Education • Wildlife • Uncontrolled animal movement Sustained vaccine use

12. How can we help • Education, training and awareness • Identifying potential gender issues • Develop vaccines using a versatile platform • Ensure technology uptake

13. The project Gender concerns and economic impact surveys LIVESTOCK VACCINES FOR COMBATING VIRAL DISEASES IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA Vaccines Communications and networking CPX-RVF-PPR (LSDV) ASF (Adenovirus) Pamphlets/ Booklets Education/ Training

14. Livestock farmer education: Farmer’s Day workshops Engaging directly with farmers, animal health technicians, vets, agricultural schools

15. Posters

16. Gender relations and Small-scale Livestock farming in South Africa Baseline study in two areas in Limpopo Province

17. Outline • Aims and objectives • Understand the social dynamics within two communities • Role of women in small-scale livestock owner practices (Rhenosterkop and Marble Hall). • Household social dynamics in relation to food security, nutrition, income, animal healthcare and the gendered division of labour. • Understand the constraints, obstacles and challenges facing small-scale livestock owners.

18. Limpopo Province

19. Limpopo Province

20. How? • In-depth interviews using questionnaires • Livestock owners (men and women), animal health technicians, veterinarians and Dept of Agriculture officials • Relevant language/s (English, Ndebele and Pedi) • Collate and analyse data, write report/s and publish results

21. Interviews: Small-scale farmers

22. In-depth interviews(with livestock owners) • Meanings and symbolic significance of animals • Household farming and economic activities • Challenges and support services for livestock owners • Perceptions of women and livestock ownership • Diseases relating to animal health • Primary animal healthcare • Health services • Traditional animal health practices and knowledge • Vaccine knowledge and vaccination practices

23. In-depth interviews(with animal health practitioners) • Small-scale livestock ownership in Limpopo • Women in small-scale livestock ownership • Diseases/ vaccinations/ animal healthcare

24. In-depth interviews(with DoA officials) • Personal involvement, experiences, perceptions etc. • Policy level in Limpopo/ Mpumalanga • Involvement of women • Land ownership issues • Training programmes • Diseases/ vaccinations/ animal healthcare

25. Progress • Questionnaires developed • Field work conducted – two study sites • Data collected • Analysis in progress

26. Economic Impact Survey • Partnered with the ARC Economics Unit • Targeting two diseases – LSD and RVF • Contracted consultant from Canada (Kurt Klein) • Surveyed livestock owners in a number of districts • (Analysing data, writing reports, publications)

28. Vaccine Development

29. Vaccine development : versatile platform LSDV

30. Vaccine development : versatile platform A A A A A A A LSDV

31. Vaccine development : versatile platform B B B B A A A A LSDV

32. This versatile vaccine platform allows us to develop tailor-made vaccines for use in specific regions

35. Vaccine development : versatile platform PPR PPR PPR PPR RVF RVF RVF RVF LSDV

37. Vaccine development : versatile platform RVF RVF RVF RVF RVF RVF RVF RVF LSDV

38. Results

39. a) LSDV vaccine construct • Stage 1 construction, complete • Test protection in sheep, goats and cattle

40. Sheep challenged against sheeppox (NCFAD) Negative control Vaccinated

41. Goats challenged against goatpox (NCFAD) Negative control Vaccinated

44. Summary of results: • Good antibody responses (sheep, goats and cattle) • Good cellular immune responses (sheep, goats and cattle) • No vaccine temperature reactions (sheep and goats) • No lesions post-vaccination (sheep and goats) • No clinical signs post-challenge (sheep and goats)

45. LSDV vaccine construct • Stage 2 construction: • RVFV (SA) • PPRV (NCFAD) PPR PPR PPR PPR RVF RVF RVF RVF

46. Vaccine against African Swine fever

47. African swine fever ( NCFAD )

48. African swine fever ( ASF )

49. b) ASF vaccine development: • - Candidate vaccine antigens ‐--‐--‐--‐--‐--‐----------‐--‐--‐--‐‐--‐--‐--‐ 6 • Construction & isolation of recombinant PAdV-3 ‐--‐--‐--‐--‐--‐--‐ 10 • Synthesised overlapping peptides representing all 6 antigens • Immune responses in pigs--‐--‐--‐--‐ (2 doses, IM, three weeks apart)

50. Immune responses to ASF constructs in pigs: • Results: • - Induction of cellular immune responses by the antigen(s) • (detection of IFN-Gsecreting cells) • CD4+ T-cell epitopes detected in the antigen(s) • No CD8+ T-cell epitopes detected in tested antigen(s) • Results pending: ‐ Antibody responses • - Identification of cellular immune responses in remaining antigens • - T-cell epitope(s) identification in remaining antigens