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Presented by Peter D. Marle, B.A.

Development and Psychometric Properties of a New Scale: The Self-Report Scale for Schizoid Behaviors. Presented By Peter D. Marle, B.A. Presented by Peter D. Marle, B.A. The Self-Report Scale for Schizoid Behaviors. Alisa J. Estey Laura J. Finan Karenleigh A. Overmann.

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Presented by Peter D. Marle, B.A.

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  1. Development and Psychometric Properties of a New Scale: The Self-Report Scale for Schizoid Behaviors Presented By Peter D. Marle, B.A. Presented by Peter D. Marle, B.A. The Self-Report Scale for Schizoid Behaviors

  2. Alisa J. Estey Laura J. Finan Karenleigh A. Overmann Special thanks to the co-authors Presented by Peter D. Marle, B.A. The Self-Report Scale for Schizoid Behaviors

  3. Alisa J. Estey Laura J. Finan Karenleigh A. Overmann Special thanks to the co-authors And to our Research Advisor Professor Frederick L. Coolidge, PhD Presented by Peter D. Marle, B.A. The Self-Report Scale for Schizoid Behaviors

  4. What is Schizoid Personality Disorder? Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders (DSM-IV-TR; American Psychiatric Association [APA], 2000) seven diagnostic criteria (four required) The individual… does not enjoy close relationships or being part of a family predominately chooses solitary activities shows decreased interest in sex enjoys few activities lacks close friends or relationships appears unaffected by criticism or praise shows decreased affect, characterized as emotional coldness or detachment The Self-Report Scale for Schizoid Behaviors

  5. What is Schizoid Personality Disorder? • DSM-5 (APA, 2011) Proposed Changes to the Diagnosis • Schizoid Personality Disorder is proposed to become: • Personality Disorder, Trait Specified with the following detachment traits • Withdrawal • Preference for being alone to being with others; reticence in social situations; avoidance of social contacts and activity; lack of initiation of social contact. • Intimacy Avoidance • Avoidance of close or romantic relationships, interpersonal attachments, and intimate sexual relationships. • Restricted Affectivity • Little reaction to emotionally arousing situations; constricted emotional experience and expression; indifference or coldness. • Anhedonia • Lack of enjoyment from, engagement in, or energy for life‘s experiences; deficits in the capacity to feel pleasure or take interest in things. The Self-Report Scale for Schizoid Behaviors

  6. What is Schizoid Personality Disorder? The Self-Report Scale for Schizoid Behaviors

  7. What is Schizoid Personality Disorder? Withdrawal: Preference for being alone to being with others; reticence in social situations; avoidance of social contacts and activity; lack of initiation of social contact. The Self-Report Scale for Schizoid Behaviors

  8. What is Schizoid Personality Disorder? Withdrawal: Preference for being alone to being with others; reticence in social situations; avoidance of social contacts and activity; lack of initiation of social contact. The Self-Report Scale for Schizoid Behaviors

  9. What is Schizoid Personality Disorder? Intimacy Avoidance: Avoidance of close or romantic relationships, interpersonal attachments, and intimate sexual relationships. The Self-Report Scale for Schizoid Behaviors

  10. What is Schizoid Personality Disorder? Anhedonia: Lack of enjoyment from, engagement in, or energy for life‘s experiences; deficits in the capacity to feel pleasure or take interest in things. The Self-Report Scale for Schizoid Behaviors

  11. What is Schizoid Personality Disorder? Withdrawal: Preference for being alone to being with others; reticence in social situations; avoidance of social contacts and activity; lack of initiation of social contact. Intimacy Avoidance: Avoidance of close or romantic relationships, interpersonal attachments, and intimate sexual relationships. The Self-Report Scale for Schizoid Behaviors

  12. What is Schizoid Personality Disorder? Restricted Affectivity: Little reaction to emotionally arousing situations; constricted emotional experience and expression; indifference or coldness. The Self-Report Scale for Schizoid Behaviors

  13. What is Schizoid Personality Disorder? Restricted Affectivity: Little reaction to emotionally arousing situations; constricted emotional experience and expression; indifference or coldness. The Self-Report Scale for Schizoid Behaviors

  14. Other Characteristics of Schizoid Personality Disorder • Schizoid Personality Disorder (SPD) prevalence rate • < 1% in the general population (slightly more frequent in males; Grant et al., 2004) • Persons with SPD are described as introverts who are detached from others and display a flattened affect • Why is a new scale necessary? • The differentiation of SPD and Asperger’s Disorder is “unclear” and there is “great difficulty differentiating” SPD from ASD (APA, 2000; p. 83, 696, respectively) • New research stating 1:88 children have ASD (Baio, 2012) • Few scales exist which measure SPD, no known scale solely built to measure SPD behaviors - what was their criteria? The Self-Report Scale for Schizoid Behaviors

  15. Hypotheses The Self-Report Scale for Schizoid Behaviors (SRSSB) would have adequate internal reliability (α > .80) The SRSSB would have adequate convergent validity (r > .80) with an established measure of SPD (Schizoid subscale of the Coolidge Axis II Inventory [CATI]; see Coolidge & Merwin, 1992) The SRSSB would have a medium to large positive correlation (.30 < r < .50) with a self-reported measure of introversion The Self-Report Scale for Schizoid Behaviors

  16. Participants • Total N = 257 (70 males, 185 females, 2 unspecified) • Ages ranged from 17 to 56 years (M = 23.7, SD = 6.9) * All participants were undergraduate students The Self-Report Scale for Schizoid Behaviors

  17. Materials and Procedure • Initial survey development • 50 DSM-IV-TR-aligned items were developed by the authors • Seven or eight items per diagnostic criterion • At least two items per criterion were reverse-coded to reduce response bias • Item order was randomized for the survey • Included in the survey packet • Consent form • Demographic form • An introversion scale (1 Introverted to 10 Extraverted) • 50 SRSSB items along with the nine items from the Schizoid subscale of the CATI (randomly added); items ranged from 1 (Strongly False) to 4 (Strongly True) • Survey packets were administered to undergraduate classes and collected 1 week later; approximate completion time: 30 min The Self-Report Scale for Schizoid Behaviors

  18. Results • The 50 items were compared within their respective diagnostic criterion to select the two best items per each of the seven criteria • Determined by computing Cronbach’sα for each criterion and interpreting the two best items • The following illustrate the resultant 14-item SRSSB • Hypothesis 1 (inter-item reliability) • Cronbach’sα = .84; hypothesis supported • Hypothesis 2 (convergent validity) • r(257) = .84, p < .01; hypothesis supported • Hypothesis 3 (correlation with introversion) • r(257) = .56, p < .001; hypothesis partially supported (large, positive correlation) The Self-Report Scale for Schizoid Behaviors

  19. Discussion • Hypothesis 1 (inter-item reliability) supported • Exploratory Factor Analysis was also computed for the data • Interesting results • Hypothesis 2 (convergent validity) supported • Hypothesis 3 (correlation with introversion) partially supported (large, positive correlation) • Strongly related to self-reported measure of introversion • Limitation • Assessment was based on non-clinical sample The Self-Report Scale for Schizoid Behaviors

  20. Discussion (continued) • Future Research with the SRSSB • Test-retest reliability • Factor analysis issue • Possibility of disparate representations of SPD; Cluster Analysis with a large sample of persons with SPD • Questions? The Self-Report Scale for Schizoid Behaviors

  21. References American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed., text rev.). Washington DC: author. American Psychiatric Association. (2011). DSM-5 development. Retrieved from http://www.dsm5.org/ProposedRevisions/Pages/DSM-5TypeandTraitCross-Walk.aspx Baio, J. (2012). Prevalence of Autism Spectrum Disorders - Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring Network, 14 Sites, United States, 2008. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR), 61(SS03),1-19. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/ss6103a1.htm?s_cid=ss6103a1_w Coolidge, F. L. & Merwin, M. M. (1992). Reliability and validity of the Coolidge Axis Two Inventory: A new inventory for the assessment of personality disorders. Journal of Personality Assessment, 59, 223-238. Grant, B. F., Hasin, D. S., Stinson, F. S., Dawson, D. A., Chou, S. P., Ruan, W. J., & Pickering, R. P. (2004). Prevalence, correlates, and disability of personality disorders in the United States: Results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 65, 948-958. The Self-Report Scale for Schizoid Behaviors

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