Female Reproductive system

1. Female Reproductive system Chapter 32

2. Purpose of the female reproductive system: • Produce gamete • Production of offspring • Continuation of the genetic code • Provide protection and nutrition to developing offspring

3. Female anatomy • Essential organs: gonads, ova • Accessory organs: ducts (fallopian, uterus, vagina), vulva (external organs), mammary glands

5. Perineum: • Muscular region between base of vaginal opening and the anus • Diamond-shaped • Structures: labia, vaginal orifice, clitoris, urethral orifice • Episiotomy performed during vaginal childirth

6. ovaries • Two - one on each side of uterus • Almond-shaped • Anchored to uterus by ovarian ligament • Fimbriae lie over top of ovary • Ectopic (greek – ektopos – displaced) pregnancy occurs outside uterine cavity

7. Ovarian function • Produce ova (oogenesis) • Release of the ova called ovulation (result of ovarian follicle rupture) • Production and release of estrogen (estradiol and estrone, progesterone)

8. uterus • Pear-shaped and dense (3”X2”) 1” THICK OF MUSCULAR TISSUE • Two main parts: body, cervix • Fundus is the top portion of the body • Three layers: endometrium, myometrium, and parietal peritoneum

9. Endometrium: • During menstruation and after delivery of baby, the spongy layers rich in blood capillaries and exocrine glands that secrete mucus slough off • Mucosal tissue also found in cervix changes consistency depending on hormonal fluctuations. Most of the time it is very thick. At ovulation, it becomes more liquefied which assists in movement of sperm

10. myometrium • Smooth muscles arranged in three layers laying in varied directional lines: longitudinally, transversely, and obliquely. • Thickest at fundus and thinnest at the cervix – why? • Think of purpose

11. Parietal peritoneum • Does not cover cervix nor entire body of uterus • Serous membrane present to reduce infection

12. Cavities of the uterus • Internal cavity – very small • Internal os – top of cervix • Cervical canal • External os – opens to vagina

13. Uterine location and position • Pelvic cavity • Top of bladder • Presses against colon • Lies over bladder pointing forward and slightly upward • Joins vagina at a right angle • Retroflexion – tilting backward can cause untoward effects • Ligaments hold uterus in place (6) – broad, round uterosacral, anterior, posterior

14. Functions of uterus • Permits sperm to pass to fallopian tubes • Fertilized ova implants into the endometrial lining • Allows for 10 lunar month gestational period

15. Questions to answer • On what day of the month does ovulation occur? • If a patient has a 44 day menstrual cycle, on what day will ovulation occur? • Give two benefits of breast feeding. • The majority of the breast is composed of ____ tissue. • Define menarche. • Define menopause. • Where are rugae found in the female anatomy? • What patient would require an episiotomy? • What is the medical term for female sterilization?

16. Ovarian cycle • Difference between meiotic and mitotic cell division? • Meiotic – reduces number of chromosomes by half in daughter cells • Estrogen/progesterone secreted during the first portion of the month which helps produce a mature oocyte • Oocyte is released during ovulation • This always occurs 14 d prior to menstrual period

17. Endometrial cycle

18. Cont. • 2-3 mm buildup occurs prior to ovulation – max. 4-6mm prior to menses • 30-100ml loss of tissue/blood • Most loss occurs during the first few days of the menses

19. Phases of menstrual cycle • Menses – day 1-5 • Postmenstrual – d 5-ovulation (usually d 6-14 in a 28 d cycle) great amounts of estrogen produced – mucosal changes (spinnbarkeit) • Ovulation • Premenstrual – (luteal/secretory – corpus luteum only sectretes progesterone during this time causing the slough to occur )

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