Warm-up 9/15

1. Warm-up 9/15 Predict what you think the sun’s structure looks like. You can draw a picture or write out your explanation. Make sure to include WHY you think the structure is how you described it.

2. Our Sun http://www.nasa.gov/images/content/524990main_FAQ10_full.jpg • How did it form? • Basic facts • 99.8% of mass • 100x diameter of Earth • 5,527oC • 92.1% H, 7.8% He • Plasma • Sun today • Main source of Earth’s energy

3. How do we get the Sun’s energy? • Need to know! • Thermal energy • Temperature • Heat • 3 Types of heat • Occur in different parts of the Sun 1. Conduction • Core • Dense, hottest • Hydrogen fusion

4. 2. Radiation • Light waves • How energy gets to Earth • Radiation Zone • Energy moves slowly • Thick layer

5. 3. Convection • In fluids (liquids, gases, plasma) • Material heated (conduction) • Rises….why? • Sinks….why? • Repeat • Convection Zone • Moves more quickly in this layer

6. Test Corrections & Grade Reflection Part 1 - Corrections • You may correct the math portion of the test for half credit. • SHOW ALL WORK on a SEPARATE sheet of paper. Part 2 - Reflection • Calculate your test score: • Scantron score + math score (11 - # missed) • Complete grade reflection • DUE Thursday 9/18

7. Inner Solar Structure Review • Core • Radiation Zone • Convection Zone

8. Outer Solar Structure • Photosphere • Visible surface • Chromosphere • Temp. increases • Red glow • Corona • Outermost layer • Very hot • Seen during an eclipse

9. Sun’s Magnetic Field http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-205_162-57597396/ • What is a magnetic field? • What causes a magnetic field? • On the Sun? • Effect of rotation • Different rotation rates • Magnetic field lines get wound up • Eventually snap

10. Sunspots http://oneminuteastronomer.com/1018/sunspots/ Intense magnetic field prevents convection. Cooler than nearby areas Appear in pairs Brightness & temp.

11. Sunspot Lab

12. Warm-up 9/18-19 How are conduction, convection and radiation similar? Give a real-life example of conduction, convection and radiation making an object warmer. What observations can you make about sunspots on the sun? Think about your graph.

13. Sunspot Cycle • Predictable cycle • 11-years • Minimums • Last = 2008/2009 • Low # of prominences, flares and sunspots • Cooler climate on Earth • Last maximum = 2013 http://academic.emporia.edu/aberjame/student/johnson5/sunspotcycle.html

14. Surface Features • Solar flares • Caused by field snap • High energy • Explosive • Prominence • Loops/arches • Follow magnetic field lines into space

15. Solar Wind & CME http://stereo.gsfc.nasa.gov/browse/2013/10/14/index.shtml • Solar Wind • Plasma stream • Hot, high speed • Coronal Mass Ejections (CME) • Massive eruption • Rearrangement of magnetic field lines • Recent CMEs • Effects on Earth • Disrupt magnetic field shape • Damage electronics • Danger to astronauts

16. Aurora http://www.public.iastate.edu/~sdk/fick2003/october.html • Interaction of particles and magnetic field • Particles drawn to poles • Colors • Elements • Altitude • Constantly changing • Borealis or Australis • Video

17. Warm-up 9/22-23 1. How are sunspots, solar prominences and solar flares similar? How are they different? 2. How are the aurora created? 3. Create a hypothesis for how other things in space form.

18. Mass & Gravity & Weight…oh my! • Gravity • Definition • 9.8 m/s2 • Weight • Definition • W = m*g • Units • Mass • Definition • Tool • Units

19. How does this other stuff form? • Nebula • Evidence for formation from one nebula • Nearly circular orbits • Orbit in same direction • Orbits in same plane • Planets rotate in same direction (mostly)

20. What’s happening towards the Sun? • Heavier elements • Hotter • Terrestrial planets • Asteroid belt • Affected by Jupiter • Objects may leave http://www.foxnews.com/science/2014/07/24/11-need-to-know-things-about-our-solar-system/

21. What’s happening at the outer edge? http://www.foxnews.com/science/2014/07/24/11-need-to-know-things-about-our-solar-system/ • Cooler • Lighter elements • Gas giants • Kuiper belt • Icy chunks • Asteroids • Pluto • Oort cloud • Comets • Source of Earth’s water?

22. The BIG picture! http://mybroadband.co.za/vb/showthread.php/280231-Positions-of-Asteroid-Kuiper-Belts-amp-Oort-Cloud

23. You would weigh differently on Jupiter than on Earth! Weight Newtons Definition Can change with location Mass • kg, g, lbs. • Definition • Doesn’t change with location http://pgceandteaching.wordpress.com/2013/06/18/the-difference-between-mass-and-weight/

24. It is HOW big? • Astronomical Unit • Equals the average distance from the Sun to the Earth • 1 AU = 9.3 x 107 mi • 1 AU = 1.5 x 108 km • 1 AU = 1.6 x 10-7ly • Practice! • The Moon is 380,000 km away = _____ AU

25. Distance & Diameter Modeling

26. Exit Slip Create a way to remember the order of the planets.

27. Warm-up 9/24-25 How has gravity played a role in the forming of the rest of the stuff in the solar system? If you were on Jupiter, would you weigh more, less or the same as on Earth? If you were on Jupiter, would you have more, less or the same amount of mass as on Earth? Create your own definitions for planet, dwarf planet, moon, comet and asteroid.

28. How do scientists define them? • Planet • Orbit only a star • Round • Dominant object in its orbit • Dwarf planet • Orbit only a star • Round • Not dominant object in its orbit • Tends to be small • Rocky and icy http://www.windows2universe.org/our_solar_system/dwarf_planets/dwarf_planets.html

29. Moons and Asteroids http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Asteroidsscale.jpg • Moons • Orbit another body (not a star) • Asteroid • Orbit only a star • Irregularly shaped • Tend to be small • Meteors • Meteoroid • Meteorite http://starryskies.com/The_sky/events/lunar-2003/planets.moons.jpg

30. http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/profile.cfm?Object=Cometshttp://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/profile.cfm?Object=Comets Comets • Orbit only a star • Large, very elliptical orbits • Ball of frozen gas and dust • Coma http://14-billion-years-later.tumblr.com/image/16213560898

31. A new celestial body has been discovered! How should this body be classified and why? • Orbits a staronce every 90,465 days • Volume is about 1/200th the size of Earth • Large enough to be relatively round in shape • Average surface temperature -229O C • ~5.9 billion km from the a star • Elliptical and angled orbit • Crosses paths with another object

32. This object is also known as… PLUTO!!! • Why is it not a planet? • Orbit a star? • Yes • Round? • Yes • Dominant object in orbit? • NO! • What is Pluto?

33. Formation of the Moon Theories http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2013/13/130710-moon-birth-impact-science-space-cover/ • Former theories • Captured by Earth’s gravity • Formed at same time as Earth • Collision of small planets • Current theory • Collision with early Earth • Similar material to Earth • Age – 4.5 billion years

34. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_structure_of_the_Moon Moon Basics • Structure • Inner core, outer core • Solid mantle • Crust • Gravity • Magnetic field • Atmosphere • Rotation • Distance to Earth • Reflects sunlight http://www.madpc.co.uk/~peterl/Moon/Craters/Apennines.html

35. Moon Faces… no Phases http://www.moonconnection.com/moon_phases.phtml • Complete front of worksheet • What is occurring in these phases? • New • Full • Quarter • Between phases • Gibbous vs. crescent • Waxing vs. waning • Name the phase

36. Warm-up 9/30 & 10/1 How would your mass and weight change if you went to the Moon? What is the current theory on how the Moon was formed? Why do we only see one side of the Moon? Describe how the new moon and full moon are ‘created.’

37. Earth and its Moon • Eclipses • Lunar • Why? • Which phase?? • Solar • Why? • Which phase? • That’s cool! …but… Why don’t they happen all the time!?

38. Earth and its Moon • Tides! • Bay of Fundy

41. Earth and its Moon • Tides! • Bay of Fundy • Big Picture • Tides vs. Waves • High vs. Low • 2 tides • Where do they occur?

42. What is needed for life to exist? http://phl.upr.edu/library/notes/summarylimitsofthenewhabitablezone • Liquid water • Habitable Zone • What can effect HZ? • Star – size and temperature • Distance from star • Size of planet • Structure of planet • Presence of atmosphere • Other source of heat

43. Is There Life Out There? Our Solar System (and beyond) Draw a picture of what you think life would look like on another planet, if it existed. Describe why you drew that image.

44. Solar Quiz What is the one thing that is absolutely essential for life? What do you think would be the next thing that would be most important for life?WHY? What are the two hottest parts of the sun’s structure? How does convection work? What do you think is the most interesting thing about the sun? WHY?

45. Warm-up: Solar Quiz 2.0Using your notes…try again! What is the one thing that is absolutely essential for life? What do you think would be the next thing that would be most important for life?WHY? What are the two hottest parts of the sun’s structure? How does convection work? What do you think is the most interesting thing about the sun? WHY?