Modern World History Quick Review

1. Modern World History Quick Review

2. Greece • Organized into city-states • Sparta • Athens

3. Gov’t in Ancient Greece Monarchy One ruler King was born into power Oligarchy Few rulers Rule as a group Aristocrats had power Tyranny One ruler Rises to power by force Democracy Ruling power is in the hands of the people Voting, debates Direct vs. Representative Athens is the birthplace

4. Greek Philosophers • Socrates • Questioned everything, including tradition and government • Defended democracy • Executed • Plato • Student of Socrates • Distrusted democracy • Wrote Republic – rule by philosopher-kings • Aristotle • “rule of law” • Constitutional government ruled by middle class

5. Ancient Rome • Roman Republic was the first to have: • a government with checks and balances • 3 branches of government • Magistrate, Senate, Assemblies • Constitution

6. Medieval Europe • Medieval period began when Rome fell. • Feudal system emerged because people needed land, food, and protection. • Christianity became a major force in Europe • Started with Catholicism • Protestant Reformation, led by Martin Luther, came later.

7. Feudalism

8. Strong Monarchs • William the Conqueror • French • Normandy Invasion & Battle of Hastings to gain control of England • Census for taxing purposes • Henry II – developed democratic ideas • Common law • Trial by jury • John (the king in Robin Hood) • Tyrant, high taxes • 1215: Magna Carta

9. Parliament

10. Rise of British Democracy

11. Enlightenment Thinkers • Hobbes • Locke • Montesquieu • Voltaire • Rousseau • Wollstonecraft • Thomas Jefferson

12. American Revolution • British colonists in North America want a representative in Parliament • Declare independence from Britain in 1776 • Create a democracy (a federal republic) • Based on Enlightenment ideas • Locke – natural rights • Montesquieu - Separation of powers & checks and balances

13. French Revolution • Medieval France organized into three classes, calledEstates • 1st Estate: clergy • 2nd Estate: nobles • 3rd Estate: everyone else (97% of people) • “Enlightened” Revolution – inspired by Enlightenment and American Revolution

14. The French Revolution

15. Industrial Revolution • Began in England • Led to: • Changes in business: • things made by machines in factories instead of by hand at home (assembly line) • Corporations formed – monopolies a problem • Poor working conditions • Child labor • New ideas: • Socialism • Pollution: Remember the Lorax?

17. Imperialism • European powers claimed land in Africa, Asia, and the Americas • Motivations: • Political: wanted to gain more power than other Europeans • Economic: needed natural resources and a place to sell products • Social: • Social Darwinism • Wanted to spread Christianity

18. Forms of Imperialism • India: • Colonized by British East India Company • Sepoy Rebellion  British gov’t takes over India • Gandhi leads movement for independence based on civil disobedience • China: • Open door policy • Boxer Rebellion • South America • US claims speher of influence

19. Causes World War I • Causes: • Militarism • Alliances • Industrialization & Imperialism • Nationalism • All these causes “explode” in the Balkan “powder keg” • Archduke assassinated

20. World War I (aka: The Great War) • Central Powers v. Allied Powers • Central Powers = Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire • Allied Powers = Great Britain, France, Russia, US (and Italy too!) • Germany’s Schlieffen Plan fails and results in a stalemate after Battle of the Marne • New technologies shape the course of the war • Woodrow Wilson (US) develops the Fourteen Points • Self-determination • Collective security – League of Nations • Allied Powers win and punish Germany with the Treaty of Versailles

21. Communist Revolution in Russia

22. From this point until the 1990s, Russia is known as the Soviet Union

23. Totalitarianism One political party allowed All aspects of life are regulated by the government Censorship of arts and media Secret police Control over economy Control over education, used for brainwashing and teaching the official ideology of the goverment

24. Rise of Stalin • Stalin leads Soviet Union • Stalin takes over when Lenin dies • Five Year Plans to control the economy • Wants to build industry • Wanted to improve farming production • Purges opponents in the gulags • Kulaks (wealthy farmers) among enemies • Stalin’s personal political opponents accused of crimes and convicted in “show trials” • At least 4 million (probably more) killed • Reliance on propaganda and secret police

25. Rise of Totalitarianism in Germany • Horrible economy and conditions of Treaty of Versailles create discontent in Germany • High inflation • Hitler and fascists rise to power • Rooted in extreme nationalism • Supported a society with defined classes • Holocaust – Jewish genocide. • Blamed Jewish people for Germany’s problems • Hitler called his plan to exterminate the Jewish people the “Final Plan” • Used Gestapo (secret police)

26. Oh no…problems start growing in Europe!

27. World War II: 1939-1945 • When Germany invades Poland, Britain and France declare war on Germany • Poor Poland! • Germany used blitzkrieg strategy – “lightening fast” war • Meanwhile, Soviets invade Poland from East • France falls to Germany -> Vichy government formed • Germany bombs Britain, but unable to take over • Germany breaks treaty with Stalin (Nazi-Soviet Pact) and invades the Soviet Union. • He should have learned his lesson from Napoleon…defeated at Stalingrad during Soviet winter

28. The Pacific Front • Japan bombs US at Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941 • FDR called this “a day that will live in infamy” • US declared war on Japan  Germany and Italy declared war on the US. • US becomes one of the Allies • Battle of Midway – Allied Victory

30. Other Important info about WWII • “Big Three” formed – Stalin (Soviet), Roosevelt (US), and Churchill (Britain) • D-Day: Major Allied invasion of France to try and take it back from the Germans • Invaded at Normandy beach • This is the battle scene at the beginning of Saving Private Ryan • Yalta Conference: • Big Three met to plan for post-war • Divided Germany into four zones: one for each of the Allies • Roosevelt died in the middle of the war, and Truman became president of the United States • Truman decides to use nuclear bombs against Japan at Hiroshima and Nagasaki • United Nations (UN) formed for collective security after the war

31. The Cold War • Toward end of World War II, tensions rise between the Allies • France, Great Britain, and US v. Soviet • Cold War was between “the west” (mostly United States) and Soviet Union • Not an actual war - no direct fighting between US and Soviets • Situation very tense and could have erupted into war several times • Soviets and US competed to spread influence

33. US Policy in Europe • Containment – the policy that the US wanted to prevent the spread of communism. • Set up by the Truman Doctrine • Marshall Plan – US gave food and financial aid to countries to help them recover from WWII • Soviets declined and forbid it’s allies to accept aid

34. Cold War (continued) • New military alliances: • United States formed the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) • in response, Soviets form Warsaw Pact • Germany a key point of tension… • Soviets build a wall separating East and West Berlin • at one point, the US had to use planes to get supplies to West Berlin (“Berlin airlift”)

35. Cold War in Cuba • Cuba became communist • Fidel Castro was communist dictator • 1961: Bay of Pigs Invasion • President Kennedy supports an invasion of Cuba (failed) • 1962: Cuban Missile Crisis • Soviets put nuclear weapons in Cuba (eek! That’s only 90 miles from the US!!) • United States blockaded Cuba • Soviets forced to remove missiles • Closest Soviets and US came to direct conflict

36. Where the Cold War got “Hot” • Local conflicts played into the Cold War • US would support one side and the Soviets would support the other side • Provided weapons and training • Korea • Vietnam

37. Korea never unites after the KoreanWar. Today we have a communist North Korea and a democratic South Korea Korean War 1950s Soviets & China supported North Korea US supports South Korea

38. Vietnam War (1960s & early 1970s) Soviets & China supported North Vietnam US supported South Vietnam Ho Chi Minh communist leader and Vietnam nationalist Communists in the North try to unite Vietnam under communism Guerilla war Controversial in US – it withdraws from the war and the North wins

39. End of the Cold War: 1989-1991 • Mikhail Gorbachev chosen to lead Soviet Union • Wanted reform • glasnost (openness) • perestroika (restructuring of government & economy • Europe feels free to reform • Hungary allows greater freedom during Prague Spring • Poland’s labor union (Solidarity) gains power and demands change • East Germans demand change. They tear down the Berlin wall and unite Germany. • Vietnam ends communism