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Observations. Passive: Natural Signals Photographs Semi-Passive: Artificial Signals GPS receiver Active: Signals Controlled by Observers Radar Echo, Laser Ranging. Passive Observations. Astrographs: 2-dim. Angles Photographic Plates, CCD Arrays, VTR
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Observations • Passive: Natural Signals • Photographs • Semi-Passive: Artificial Signals • GPS receiver • Active: Signals Controlled by Observers • Radar Echo, Laser Ranging
Passive Observations • Astrographs: 2-dim. Angles • Photographic Plates, CCD Arrays, VTR • Transit, Meridian Circle: 1-dim. Angle • Interferometry: Precise 1-dim. Angle • VLBI, Optical/IR Int., X-ray • Ground-based vs Orbital platform
Passive Observations (Cont.) • Detectors: Arrival Time, Energy • Photo-Multiplier Tube, Photo-Diode, CCD, Chamber • Clocks: Event Time • Eclipse, Occultation, Pulse, Light Curve, Rise/Decay Pattern • Doppler: Radial Velocity • Spectrograph, Emission/Absorption Lines
Semi-Passive Observations • Doppler • Up/Down Link to Satellites/Space Vehicles • Integrated Doppler • NNSS, DORIS/PRARE • Semi-Passive VLBI • ALSEP, RISE • Time Difference • GPS, GLONASS
Active Observations • Radar Bombing • Mercury, Venus, Mars, Asteroids • Range and Range Rate (R&RR) • Artificial Satellites, Space Vehicles • Radio Transponder • Laser Ranging • Satellite, Moon