Unit 4 Writing the Essay

1. Unit 4Writing the Essay

2. Chapter 14 The Process of Writing an Essay

3. An essay is a group of paragraphs about one subject. An essay is like a paragraph in longer, fuller form: Both have an introduction, a body, and a conclusion. Both explain one main, or controlling, idea with details, facts, and examples. An essay is not just a padded paragraph, however. An essay is longer because it contains more ideas.

4. The paragraphs in an essay are part of a larger whole, so each one has a special purpose: The introductory paragraph opens the essay and tries to catch the reader’s interest. It usually contains a thesis statement, one sentence that states the main idea of the entire essay. The body of an essay consists of one, two, three, or more paragraphs, each one making a different point about the main idea. The conclusion brings the essay to a close. It might be a sentence or a paragraph long.

6. The steps in the essay-writing process: • Narrow the topic • Write the thesis statement • Generate ideas for the body • Organize ideas in an outline • Order paragraphs • Link paragraphs • Write the first draft • Revise and proofread • Write final draft and proofread

7. Narrow the Topic The essay writer usually starts with a broad subject and then narrows it to a manageable size. An essay is longer than a paragraph and gives the writer more room to develop ideas. The best essays, like the best paragraphs, are often quite specific.

8. Write the Thesis Statement The thesis statement—like the topic sentence in a paragraph—further focuses the narrowed subject because it must clearly state, in sentence form, the writer’s controlling idea—the main point, opinion, or angle that the rest of the essay will support and discuss. Replace vague words with more exact words and replace vague ideas with more exact information. If a subject naturally has two, three, or four divisions, stating these in the thesis can set up an outline for your entire essay. Avoid a heavy-handed thesis statement that announces, “Now I will write about…” or “This essay will discuss.…”

9. Generate Ideas for the Body • The body of the essay must fully support and discuss the thesis statement. • In composing the thesis statement, the writer should already have given some thought to what the body will contain. Now she or he uses one or more prewriting methods to generate ideas for the body: • Brainstorming • Freewriting • Clustering • Asking questions

10. Generate Ideas for the Body To get enough material to flesh out an essay, many writers brainstorm or freewrite on paper or on the computer screen—jotting down any ideas that develop the thesis statement, including main ideas, specific details, and examples, all jumbled together. Only after creating a long list do they go back over it, drop any ideas that do not support the thesis statement, and then group ideas that might go together in body paragraphs.

11. Organize Ideas in an Outline Many writers make an outline before they write an essay. Because an essay is longer, more complex, and harder to control than a paragraph, an outline helps the writer stay on track and saves time later. The outline should include the following: Two to four main ideas to support the thesis statement Two to four topic sentences stating these ideas A plan for each paragraph in the body A logical order in which to present paragraphs

12. Order Paragraphs An essay, like a paragraph, should have coherence. The paragraphs in an essay should be arranged in a clear, logical order and should follow one another like links in a chain. It is important that the paragraphs in your outline, and later in your essay, follow a logical order. The rule for writers is this: Use your common sense and plan ahead. Do not leave the order of your paragraphs to chance.

13. Order Paragraphs The types of order often used in single paragraphs—time order, space order, and order of importance—can sometimes be used to arrange paragraphs within an essay. Essays about subjects that can be broken into stages or steps, with each step discussed in one paragraph, should be arranged according to time. Space order can be used in descriptive essays. To save the most important or convincing paragraph for last, use order of importance. Or reverse this order and put the most important paragraph first. Very often the writer simply arranges paragraphs in whatever order makes sense in the particular essay.

14. Link Paragraphs The paragraphs within an essay should be clearly linked one to the next. Link the first sentence of each new paragraph to the thesis statement or to the paragraph before. Four ways to link paragraphs: Repeat key words or ideas from the thesis statement. Refer to words or ideas from the preceding paragraph. Use transitional expressions. Use transitional sentences.

15. Write the First Draft Write on every other line to leave room for later corrections Include all your ideas and paragraphs in the order you have chosen to present them. Explain your ideas fully. When you have finished your draft, set aside for several hours.

16. Revise and Proofread Read your first draft slowly and carefully to yourself. Underline trouble spots, draw arrows, and write in the margins to straighten out problems. Here are some questions to keep in mind as you revise: Is my thesis statement clear? Does the body of the essay fully support my thesis statement? Does the essay have unity; does every paragraph relate to the thesis statement? Does the essay have coherence; do the paragraphs follow a logical order? Are my topic sentences clear? Does each paragraph provide good details, well-chosen examples, and so on? Is the language exact, concise, and fresh? Are my sentences varied in length and type? Does the essay conclude, not just leave off?

17. Revise and Proofread Ask a peer reviewer—a trusted classmate or friend—to read your paper and give you feedback. This person should not rewrite or correct the essay but should tell you which parts are clear and which parts are confusing. Here are some questions to guide your peer reviewer: What do you like about this piece of writing? What seems to be the main point? Which parts could be improved (unclear sentences, supporting points missing, order mixed up, writing not lively, and so forth)? Please be specific. What one change would most improve this essay?

18. Revise and Proofread Carefully proofread the draft for grammar and spelling. Check for frequently made errors: verb errors, comma splices, and so forth. If you are unsure about the spelling of a word, check a dictionary or use the spell checker on your computer.

19. Write Final Draft and Proofread Neatly recopy your essay or print out a final copy on 8½-by-11-inch paper. Write on one side only. When you finish, proofread the final copy.

21. Suggested Topics for Essays The career for which I am best suited Tips for balancing work, school, and home How to do something that will improve your life (get better organized, learn a new language) Why many Americans don’t (save money for the future, give their all at work, value education, read poetry) A valuable discipline or practice (lifting weights, rock climbing, bicycling, or other) The best (or worst) teacher I ever had A story of courage A lesson in diversity, race, or difference The joys of homework (or housework or some other supposedly unpleasant task) How to resolve a disagreement peacefully A film, book, or magazine The best gift I ever gave (or received) Three ways that a certain type of ads (for cigarettes, cereal, or toys, for example) “hook” children Should courts require a one-year “cooling-off” period before a divorce?

22. EXPLORING ONLINE http://www.powa.org Click “thesis/support essays” for a good review of the college essay-writing process.

23. Chapter 15 The Introduction, the Conclusion, and the Title

24. The Introduction An introduction has two functions in an essay: The introduction contains the thesis statement and, therefore, tells the reader what central idea will be developed in the rest of the paper. The introduction should interest the reader enough so that she or he will want to continue reading the paper. Sometimes the process of writing the essay will help clarify your ideas about how best to introduce it. So once you have completed your essay, you may wish to revise and rewrite the introduction, making sure that it clearly introduces the essay’s main idea.

25. Six methods for beginning your composition: Begin with a single-sentence thesis statement. Begin with a general idea and then narrow to a specific thesis statement. Begin with an illustration or anecdote (a brief narrative). Begin with a surprising fact or idea. Begin with a contradiction. Begin with a direct quotation.

26. The Conclusion A conclusion signals the end of the essay and leaves the reader with a final thought. As with the introduction, you may wish to revise and rewrite the conclusion once you have completed your essay. Be certain your conclusion flows logically from the body of the essay.

27. Three Ways to Conclude an Essay End with a call to action. End with a final point. End with a question.

28. The Title • A good title has two functions: • To suggest the subject of the essay • To spark the reader’s interest • The most effective titles are usually written after the essay has been completed. • To create a title, reread your essay, paying special attention to the thesis statement and the conclusion.

29. The title is centered on the page above the body of the composition and separated from it by several blank lines (about 1 inch of space):

30. Some Basic Kinds of Titles The most common title used in college writing is the no-nonsense descriptive title. Two-part titles are also effective. Write the title as a rhetorical question. Relate the title to the method of development used in the essay.

31. EXPLORING ONLINE http://grammar.ccc.commnet.edu/grammar/ Under “essay and research paper level,” scroll to “beginnings” for lively sample introductions, plus tips for the writer.