The Human Body in Health and Disease

1. The Human Body in Health and Disease Medical Terminology Chapter 2

2. Anatomic Reference Systems • Are used to describe the location and functions of body parts. These reference systems include body planes, body directions, body cavities, and structural units. • Anatomy is the study of structures of the body.

3. Physiology is the study of the functions of these structures. • In the anatomic position, the individual is: • standing up so that the body is erect • facing forward • holding the arms to the sides • turning the hands with the palms toward the front.

4. Body Planes - Vertical • A vertical plane is an up-and-down line that is at a right angle to the horizon. • The mid-sagittal plane, or midline, is the vertical plane that divides the body, from top to bottom, into equal right and left halves.

5. A sagittal plane is any vertical plane parallel to the midline that divides the body into unequal left and right portions. • The coronal plane is also known as the frontal plane. this is any vertical plane, at right angles to the sagittal plane, that divides the body into anterior (front) and posterior (back) portions.

8. So, to sum up “vertical planes”, there are three: • midsagittal • sagittal • coronal

9. Body Planes - Horizontal • A horizontal plane is a flat, crosswise line, like the horizon. • The transverse plane, also known as the “horizontal plane”, divides the body into superior (upper) and inferior (lower) portions. • It can be at the waist level or any other level across the body.

11. Body Directions • Ventral = front or belly side. • Dorsal = back of the body or organ. • Anterior = situated in the front; or forward part of the organ. For example, the stomach is located anterior to, or in front of, the pancreas.

12. posterior = situated in the back; or back part of an organ. For example, the pancreas is located posterior to, or in back of, the stomach. • superior = uppermost, above, or toward the head. • inferior = lowermost, below, or toward the feet.

14. cephalic = toward the head. (cephal = head, -ic = pertaining to). • caudal = toward the lower part (tail) of the body. (caud = tail; -al = pertaining to). • proximal = situated nearest the midline or beginning of a body structure. • distal – farthest from the midline or beginning of a body structure.

15. medial = the direction toward or nearer the midline. Example: medial surface of knee is the inner side of the leg. • lateral – the direction toward or nearer the side and away from the midline. Example: the lateral side of the knee is near the outside of the leg.

18. Major Body Cavities • The “dorsal” cavity protects the structures of the nervous system. • It is divided into two parts: • cranial cavity – located in the skull; protects the brain. • spinal cavity – located in the spinal column; protects the spinal cord.

19. “Homeostasis” means maintaining a constant, stable internal environment. • The “ventral” cavity contains many of the organs that maintain homeostasis. • It is divided into three parts: • thoracic cavity – (chest cavity) – protects the heart and lungs. • The diaphragm separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities.

20. abdominal cavity – contains the major organs of digestion. It is referred to simply as the “abdomen”. • pelvic cavity – the space formed by the pelvic (hip) bones. Contains primarily the organs of the reproductive and excretory systems. • There is no division btw the abdominal and pelvic cavities. Together they form the abdominopelvic cavity.

22. The ventral cavity is divided into: • the thoracic cavity (chest cavity) • the abdominal cavity (abdomen) • the pelvic cavity • Together, the abdominal and pelvic cavities form the abdominopelvic cavity.

23. Divisions of the Abdomen • Near the first body, label it as “divisions of the abdomen”. • Describing where an organ or a pain is located is made easier by dividing the abdomen into four imaginary quadrants. • “Quadrant” means divided into four.

25. Label them: • right upper quadrant or RUQ • left upper quadrant or LUQ • right lower quadrant or RLQ • left lower quadrant or LLQ

26. Regions of the Thorax and Abdomen • Another descriptive system divides the abdomen and lower portion of the thorax (chest) into 9 regions. • Near your second body diagram, add the label “regions of the thorax and abdomen”

28. The right and left hypochondriac regions are located on the top and sides and are covered by the lower ribs. The term “hypochondriac” means below or under the ribs. • It also means an individual with an abnormal and excessive concern about his or her health.

29. The epigastric region is located above the stomach, and between the hypochondriac regions. • “epigastric” means pertaining to the area above the stomach. “epi = above, gastr = stomach, -ic = pertaining to.

30. The right and left lumbar regions are located on the sides near the inward curve of the spine. • The umbilical region surrounds the “umbilicus” also known as the belly button or navel. The umbilicus is the pit in the center of the abdominal wall marking the point where the umbilical cord was attached to the fetus.

31. The right and left iliac regions are located on the sides over the hipbones. The flat curved hipbone is known as the “ilium”. • The hypogastricregion is located below the stomach. Hypo = below; gastric = pertaining to the stomach.

32. New Word Roots and Meanings • aden/o = gland • adip/o = fat • arthr/o = joint • caud/o = tail • col/o = colon • cephal/o = head, or corona • cyt/o = cell • hepat/o = liver

33. hist/o = tissue • hyster/o = uterus • lapar/o = abdomen • nephr/o = kidney • oste/o = bone • path/o = disease • retr/o = behind, backward, in back of. • add: derm/o = skin • phleb/o = vein • chondr/o = cartilage

34. anatomy • study of structures of the body • physiology • study of the functions of these structures

35. anatomic position • standing up, facing forward, arms at sides, palms toward front • midsagittal plane • divides body into equal right and left halves

36. sagittal plane • divides the body into unequal right and left halves • coronal plane • divides the body into front and back

37. transverse plane • divides the body into upper and lower portions. • ventral • front or belly side

38. dorsal • back of body or organ • anterior • in the front or the forward part • posterior • in the back or the back part

39. superior • uppermost, above, toward head • inferior • lowermost, below, toward feet

40. cephalic • toward the head • caudal • toward the lower part of the body (tail)

41. proximal • nearest the midline of the body • distal • farthest from the midline

42. medial • toward or nearest the midline; inside; inner aspect • lateral • nearer the side; away from the midline; outside surface

43. the four abdominal quadrants: • RUQ • LUQ • RLQ • LLQ

44. the nine regions of the thorax and abdomen: • right and left hypochondriac • epigastric • right and left lumbar • umbilical • right and left iliac • hypogastric

45. aden/o • gland • adenitis: • inflammation of a gland • adenectomy: surgical removal of a gland • adenotomy: surgical incision into a gladn

46. adip/o • fat • caud/o • tail; lower part of body • caudal: • pertaining to the tail

47. col/o • colon • colitis: • inflammation of the colon • colostomy: • new opening into the colon • colectomy: • surgical removal of the colon

48. cephal/o • head • cephalalgia: • headache • cephalodynia • headache

49. cyt/o • cell • cytology: • study of cells • cytologist: • a specialist who studies cells

50. hepat/o • hepatitis: • inflammation of the liver • hepatology: • study of the liver • hepatopathy: • disease of the liver