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Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease 11 th edition

Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease 11 th edition. Chapter 7 The Skeleton: Bones and Joints. The Skeleton. Skeletal system is made up of bones, joints, and supporting connective tissue. Bones. Several functions To serve as a firm framework for the body

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Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease 11 th edition

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  1. Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease11th edition Chapter 7 The Skeleton: Bones and Joints

  2. The Skeleton Skeletal system is made up of bones, joints, and supporting connective tissue

  3. Bones Several functions • To serve as a firm framework for the body • To protect delicate structures such as the brain and spinal cord • To work as levers to produce movement • To store calcium salts • To produce blood cells

  4. Bone Structure Types of bone (osseous) tissue • Compact bone • Spongy (cancellous) bone • Bone marrow • Red marrow • Yellow marrow • Bone membranes • Periosteum • Endosteum

  5. The skeleton.

  6. The structure of a long bone.

  7. Compact bone tissue.

  8. Checkpoint 7-1:A long bone has a long narrow shaft and two irregular ends. What are the scientific names for the shaft and the ends of a long bone? Checkpoint 7-2:What are the two types of osseus (bone) tissue and where is each type found?

  9. Bone Growth and Repair Types of bone cells • Osteoblasts manufacture the matrix • Osteocytes maintain and repair existing bone matrix • Osteoclasts resorb bone tissue • Ossification is conversion of cartilage to bone

  10. Checkpoint 7-3:What are the three types of cells found in bone and what is the role of each?

  11. Question: Which of these is a bone-building cell? a. osteoblastb. osteoclastc. osteocyte

  12. Answer:a. osteoblast

  13. Formation of a Long Bone • Cartilage begins to turn into bone • Epiphyseal plates develop across bone ends • Bones continue to lengthen • Bones stop lengthening • Bone resorption and formation continues

  14. Checkpoint 7-4:As the embryonic skeleton is converted from cartilage to bone, the intercellular matrix becomes hardened. What compounds are deposited in the matrix to harden it? Checkpoint 7-5:After birth, long bones continue to grow in length at secondary centers. What are these centers called?

  15. Bone Markings Distinguishing features • Projections • Head • Process • Condyle • Crest • Spine • Depressions or holes • Foramen • Sinus • Fossa • Meatus

  16. Checkpoint 7-6: Bones have a number of projections, depressions, and holes. What are some functions of these markings?

  17. Bones of the Axial Skeleton Two main groups of bones • Axial skeleton—80 bones of the head and trunk • Appendicular skeleton—126 bones of the extremities

  18. Framework of the Skull • Cranial bones • Facial bones • Infant skull

  19. Framework of the Skull, cont’d • Cranial bones • Frontal • Parietal • Temporal • Ethmoid • Sphenoid • Occipital

  20. Framework of the Skull, cont’d • Facial bones • Mandible • Maxillae • Zygomatic • Nasal • Lacrimal • Vomer • Palatine • Inferior nasal conchae • Ossicle • Hyoid

  21. Framework of the Skull, cont’d • Infant skull • Anterior fontanel

  22. Question:What bones make up the “cheekbones”?a. sphenoid bonesb. conchaec. zygomatic bones

  23. Answer: c. zygomatic bones

  24. The skull. ZOOMING IN • What type of joint is between bones of the skull?

  25. The skull, inferior view. ZOOMING IN • What two bones make up each side of the hard palate?

  26. Floor of cranium, superior view. ZOOMING IN • What is a foramen?

  27. The skull, sagittal section.

  28. Infant skull, showing fontanels. ZOOMING IN • Which is the largest fontanel?

  29. Framework of the Trunk • Vertebral column • Cervical vertebrae • Thoracic vertebrae • Lumbar vertebrae • Sacral vertebrae (sacrum) • Coccygeal vertebrae (coccyx) • Thorax • Sternum • Ribs • True ribs • False ribs • Manubrium • Clavicular notch • Sternal angle • Xiphoid process

  30. Vertebral column, left lateral view. ZOOMING IN • From an anterior view, which group(s) of vertebrae form a convex curve? • Which group(s) form a concave curve?

  31. The vertebral column and vertebrae

  32. The first two cervical vertebrae.

  33. Bones of the thorax, anterior view. ZOOMING IN • To what bones do the costal cartilages attach?

  34. Checkpoint 7-7:The axial skeleton consists of the bones of the skull and the trunk. What bones make up the skeleton of the trunk? Checkpoint 7-8:What are the five regions of the vertebral column?

  35. Bones of the Appendicular Skeleton Two divisions • Upper • Lower

  36. The Upper Division of the Appendicular Skeleton • The shoulder girdle • Clavicle (collarbone) • Scapula (shoulder blade) • Supraspinous fossa and infraspinous fossa • Acromion • Glenoid cavity • Coracoid process

  37. The Upper Division of the Appendicular Skeleton, cont’d • The upper extremity • Humerus (arm bone) • Medial and lateral epicondyles • Trochlea • Ulna and radius (forearm bones) • Distal projection (styloid process) • Olecranon • Trochlear notch (semilunar notch) • Carpal bones • Metacarpal bones • Phalanges (finger bones)

  38. Question: Where is the olecranon?a. On the proximal end of the ulnab. On the proximal end of the humerusc. On the distal end of the radius

  39. Answer:a. On the proximal end of the ulna

  40. The shoulder girdle and scapula. ZOOMING IN • What does the prefix supra mean? • What does the prefix infra mean?

  41. Question: What is the anatomic term for fingers and toes?a. tarsalsb. phalangesc. carpals

  42. Answer:b. phalanges

  43. The Lower Division of the Appendicular Skeleton • The pelvic bones • Ilium • Iliac crest • Anterior superior iliac spine • Ischium • Ischial spine • Ischial tuberosity • Pubis • Pubic symphysis • Acetabulum • Obturator foramen • Ossa coxae

  44. The pelvic bones. ZOOMING IN • What bone is nicknamed the “sit bone”?

  45. Comparison of male and female pelvis, anterior view.

  46. The Lower Division of the Appendicular Skeleton, cont’ d • The lower extremity • Femur • Greater trochanter • Lesser trochanter • Linea aspera • Patella • Tibia (shin bone) • Medial malleolus • Fibula • Lateral malleolus • Tarsal bones • Calcaneus (heel bone) • Metatarsal bones • Phalanges

  47. The right femur (thigh bone).

  48. Tibia and fibula of the right leg. ZOOMING IN • What is the medial bone of the leg?

  49. Checkpoint 7-9:What division of the skeleton consists of the bones of the shoulder girdle, hip, and extremities?

  50. Disorders of Bone • Metabolic diseases • Tumors • Infections • Structural problems

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