Nuclear Chemistry

1. Nuclear Chemistry

2. Nuclear Chemistry Objectives Students will be able to identify what radioisotopes are and why they undergo radioactivity. Students will be able to compare properties of nuclear reactions with chemical reactions. Students will demonstrate understanding of radioactive decay through application and graphing. Students will assess the application of nuclear chemistry as a continual alternative resource of energy for developed countries. Students will understand and classify nuclear reactions by the types of radiation produced.

3. Nuclear Reactions vs. Chemical Reactions Chemical Reactions Nuclear Reactions Similarities

4. Radioisotopes • Radioisotopes = Atoms with unstable nuclei. • Why are some atoms’ nuclei unstable? (Use nuclear stability graph to answer this question)

5. Nuclear Band of Stability http://www.hasdeu.bz.edu.ro/softuri/fizica/mariana/Atomica/Table/lessons/11nuclear/nuclear.htm

6. Radioisotopes • Radioisotopes = Atoms with unstable nuclei. • Unstable nucleus = disproportional ratio of protons to neutrons to stabilize nucleus.

7. Nuclear Band of Stability *Big Misconception: Stable nucleus means equal number of protons and neutrons. From graph, students confirmed that most elements with a stable nucleus needs more neutrons to minimize the repulsion force between protons with a similar charge. http://www.hasdeu.bz.edu.ro/softuri/fizica/mariana/Atomica/Table/lessons/11nuclear/nuclear.htm

9. Radioisotopes • Radioisotopes = Atoms with unstable nuclei. • Unstable nucleus = disproportional ratio of protons to neutrons to stabilize nucleus. • Most elements with atomic #s < 83 have at least one radioisotope. • All elements with atomic #s > 83 are radioisotopes.

10. Radiosotope’s Notation • What is the radioisotope notation for each of the following? a. Polonium (Po). It has a mass number of 210. b. Plutonium (Pu). It has a mass number of 245. c. Rn-240 with an atomic number of 86. d. Th-230.

11. Nuclear Reactions: Bell Ringer • Identify a similarity and a difference between chemical and nuclear reactions? 2. What is a radioisotope? 3. Using the Nuclear Band of Stability graph to determine which of the following elements are radioisotopes. • C -12 b. C-14 c. U-238 d. Nd-140

12. Nuclear Band of Stability http://www.hasdeu.bz.edu.ro/softuri/fizica/mariana/Atomica/Table/lessons/11nuclear/nuclear.htm

13. Nuclear Reactions • Reactions that occur within the nucleus of radioisotopes in order to stabilize it. • Also called: radioactive decay; radioactivity • Spontaneousreactions(occurs naturally). • Reaction rates remain constant for radioisotopes despite changes in temperature, pressure, or addition of a catalyst.

14. Nuclear Equations • Illustrate the nuclear process in which radioisotopes become stable. parent decays α + daughter isotope isotope particle (stable) (unstable)

16. Infinite Campus Update: “Radioactivity” article questions: (10pts) Due Mon., March 19th: Graphing Skills Wksht (10pts.) Radioactive Decay Lab (15pts.) Due Tues., March 20th: Formal Lab Report draft (15pts.)

17. Nuclear Reactions • Reactions that occur within the nucleus of radioisotopes in order to stabilize it. • Also called: radioactive decay; radioactivity • Spontaneousreactions(occurs naturally). • Reaction rates remain constant for radioisotopes despite changes in temperature, pressure, or addition of a catalyst.

18. Nuclear Equations • Illustrate the nuclear process in which radioisotopes become stable. parent decays α + daughter isotope isotope particle (stable) (unstable) • Half-Life: The time it takes for half of the radioisotope sample (parent isotopes) to decay into a more stable isotope (daughter isotope)

19. Graphing Skills Worksheet

20. Radioactive Decay Lab Purpose: Simulate and graph the radioactive decay of an artificial radioisotope, M&Mium. Revised Procedures: Pre-Lab Questions: • What side of the candy represents the parent isotope? • What side of the candy represent the daughter isotope? • What is the half-life of the M&Mium radioisotope? Hypothesis: Complete on lab. thefoxisblack.com usd314.k12.ks.us

21. Radioactive Decay Lab: Revised Procedures • Carefully pour the M&Mium radioisotope sample onto a plate. • Count the number of M&Mium radioisotopes in sample and record in table under 0 half-life. • Cover sample with another plate and gently shake for 10 seconds. Record time in table under first half-life. • Remove the top plate and count the number of M&Miums that have decayed into the daughter isotope(candy with no M&M print) during the first half-life. Record in table. • Consume the daughter isotopes (decayed isotopes). • Count the remaining M&Mium radioisotopes after the first half-life and record in table. • Continue shaking for 10 seconds, counting, recording, and consuming until all the M&Mium sample has decayed into the more stable daughter isotope. • Graph the rate of decay for the M&Mium radioisotope and the rate of production for the daughter isotope. • Independent variable: half-life time (seconds) • Dependent variable: number of isotopes

22. Radioactive Decay Lab: Data Table

23. Radioactivity Decay Review Wksht. Key 4a. I-131 b. C-14 c. U-238 No, only 75% of parent isotope decays, still 25% remaining. 1 million radioactive atoms a.0.625 mg of I-131 remaining b. 24 days 8 a. 20% b. about 85 grams c. about 83 days d. about 28 days 9. 915 B.C.

24. Nuclear Chemistry Objectives Students will understand, classify, and predict nuclear reactions by the types of radiation produced.

25. Nuclear Radiation What is nuclear radiation?

26. Nuclear Radiation • Nuclear Radiation= matter and large amounts of energy produced during a nuclear reaction. • Three main types of nuclear radiation: • Alpha radiation (α ) • Beta radiation (β) • Gamma radiation (ϒ)

27. Types of Nuclear Radiation • Types of radiation can be classified by their charges.

28. Nuclear Radiation Types of radiation can be classified by type of shielding. paper (alpha particle) wood (beta particle) (gamma particle) concrete or lead

29. Nuclear Radiation Types of radiation can be classified by changes in mass number and atomic number between the parent isotope and the daughter isotope.

30. Alpha (α ) Radiation parent decays α + daughter isotope isotope particle (stable) (unstable) (He nucleus) • change in mass number: • change in atomic number:

31. Beta (β) Radiation β particle change in mass number: change in atomic number:

32. Gamma(ϒ) Radiation +ϒ parent decays α + daughter isotope + ϒ isotope particle (stable) (unstable) (He nucleus) • change in mass number: • change in atomic Number:

33. Nuclear Radiation: Bell Ringer What are the three main types of nuclear radiation? 2. List three ways you can distinguish between these types of radiation.

34. Nuclear Radiation Problems

35. Transmutation • Transmutation: • An element is converted to a new element during radioactive decay. • How else could you define transmutation? • What must happen in the nucleus for a • transmutation to occur? • Does a transmutation occur when alpha, beta, or gamma radiation is produced?

36. Transmutation • Transmutation: • An element is converted to a new element during radioactive decay. • A parent isotope is converted to daughter isotope • An unstable atom converted to a more stable atom. • Atomic number changes during radioactive decay parent decays α + daughter isotope isotope particle (stable) (unstable) (He nucleus)

37. Nuclear Chemistry Objective Students can explain the difference between fission and fusion. Students can analyze the benefits and risks of nuclear energy

38. Transmutation Transmutation occurs during: 1. Radioactive Decay 2. Bombarding an atom’s nucleus with particles. -can occur naturally or artificially -fission and fusion nuclear reactions

39. Fission vs. Fusion Fission Fusion Similarities

40. Nuclear Fission • Fission is the splitting of a heavy nucleus by bombarding it with neutrons. cikguwong.blogspot.com chm.bris.ac.uk

41. Nuclear Fission Application • Generates electricity where only steam is released into the environment. english-online.at chm.bris.ac.uk

42. Nuclear Fission Problem • Nuclear Waste: Spent fuel rods must be disposed of properly. (pg. 812 in text) • On-site or off-site holding tanks called pools. coto2.wordpress.com

43. Nuclear Fusion • Nuclear Fusion – Small radioisotope nuclei combine. mrbarlow.wordpress.com mrbarlow.wordpress.com

44. Nuclear Fusion • Produces immense amount of energy. • Does not produce nuclear waste • Applications? Not yet. Requires immense amount of energy. Example: sun (40,000,000 0C) scienceknowledge.org

45. Nuclear Chemistry Objectives Students will assess the application of nuclear chemistry as a continual alternative resource of energy for developed countries. Assessment by: -reading and annotating literature that addresses pros and cons of nuclear energy. Debating with peers why we should or should not depend on nuclear energy. Formulating an opinion based on facts as to why the U.S. should continue to support the research and development of nuclear energy. (ORQ format)

46. Exit Slip 1. What is the difference between fission and fusion and give an example of each? 2. Should the United States continue the research, development, and application of nuclear energy through nuclear fission?

47. Nuclear Chemistry Objective I can analyze the benefits and risks of nuclear energy. (SC-H-ET-S-2)

48. Nuclear Energy Debate NUCLEAR REACTOR breakthrougheurope.org