1 / 26

Proteins & Enzymes

Proteins & Enzymes. Levels of structure Primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary Types of bonds Importance of interaction: Hb Enzyme activity Specificity Models of action: activation NRG Effects pH & temp Allosteric effects Structural proteins. Lipids. Structure: fatty acid + glycerol

aimee
Download Presentation

Proteins & Enzymes

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. Proteins & Enzymes • Levels of structure • Primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary • Types of bonds • Importance of interaction: Hb • Enzyme activity • Specificity • Models of action: activation NRG • Effects pH & temp • Allosteric effects • Structural proteins

  2. Lipids • Structure: fatty acid + glycerol • Role in membranes • Phospholipid: hydrophobic/philic • NRG storage • Special roles • Sterols • Waterproofing-cuticles

  3. Carbs • Basic structure: (CH2O)n • Monomers VS polymers • Functions • Glycolysis & respiration • Storage: ex starch • Structural: ex cellulose • Recognition on cell membrane

  4. Nucleic acids • Nucleotide unit structure: • PO4, sugar, base • RNA vs DNA • Genetic code & variation

  5. Cell membranes • Phospholipid bilayer • Transmembrane proteins • Channels • Gated: V, ligand, etc • Receptors • 2nd messenger system • Pumps

  6. Membrane function • Pumps & channels • Exo & endocytosis • Gradients as NRG storage • (see photo & resp) • Water potential: iCRT • Recognition • Intercellular structure: tight, gap j.

  7. Cytomembrane system • Parts: RER & SER, Golgi, vesicles • Imbedded VS secreted proteins • Special organelles: lysosome, etc

  8. Nucleus • Nuclear membrane & traffic; Link to: • RNA processing • Signaling & Gene control • Chromosome structure • Levels of coiling • Relation to protein components: histones • Relation to mitosis & to gene control

  9. Mitochondria & chloroplasts • Evolution of… • Relation to bacterial membranes • Membrane structure related to function • Electron transport • Proton gradients • ATP synthase

  10. Cytoskeleton • Really “cytomusculoskeleton” • Structural protein • Molecular motors • Specializations: • Cilia & flagella (eukaryotic) • Special cell f(): muscle • Universal f(): mitosis

  11. Cell cycle • M, G1, S, G2 • Stages of mitosis & cytokinesis • Special cases: eggs, etc. • Role of controls: • Embryo development • Cancer • Apoptosis

  12. Meiosis • Sex & recombination • Relation to independent assortment • Crossing over • Steps in meiosis • Evol eggs vs sperm; an/isogamy • Problems: • Down’s, polyploidy

  13. Mendelian genetics • Segregation • Independent assortment • Dihybrid crosses • Dominance & incomplete dominance • Multiple alleles: ex ABO

  14. Non-Mendelian patterns • Sex-linked inheritance • Epistasis & pleiotropy • Autosomal linkage • Extra-chromosomal inheritance • Mitochondrial DNA • Maternal effects • imprinting

  15. Molecular Genetics • DNA replication • Semi-conservative, Meselson-Stahl • Mutations • Point substitution, insertion, deletion • Large duplications, deletions • repair

  16. Genotype-> phenotype • Transcription • mRNA synthesis • mRNA editing • Translation • Ribosomes & RER • tRNA & amino acids

  17. Gene control • Operons - prokaryotes • Positive & negative controls • Eukaryotic control • Chromosome structure • DNA modification: CH3 & CH3CO • Enhancers & inhibitors • Alternate editing

  18. Genetic technology • Reading genes: automated processes • Copying genes: PCR • Manipulating genes • Recombinant DNA • KO mice • Cloning • iRNA gene control

  19. Evolution • Darwin’s theory • Inherited variation • Population potential (Malthus) • Variation in survival/reproduction • Modern synthesis • Sources of variation • Mechanisms of inheritance

  20. Evolution: macro evidence • Fossil records • Age of earth: methods • Changes in spp. over time • Biogeography • Island evolution • Comparative morphology & embryology • Comparative molecular genetics

  21. Evolution: micro • Evidence: direct observation Of selection • Types of selection • Directional • Stabilizing • Heterozygote superiority • Disruptive • Sexual selection

  22. Evolution: speciation • Geographic isolation • Isolating mechanisms • Pre-zygotic • Post-zygotic • Non-random mating

  23. Evolution: major events • Origins of life • RNA hypothesis • Cells & DNA • Autotrophy • Photosynthesis System II & O2 • Aerobic respiration • Eukaryotic cells- endosymbiosis

  24. Evolution: major events 2 • Multicellular organisms • Sexual reproduction • Invasion of land • Mass extinctions • Biosphere modification by 1 sp (!guess who)

  25. Major groups • Prokaryotes • Archaea • Bacteria • Eukaryotes • Protists-- “bad group” • Fungi • Plants • Animals Life Cycles NRG sources Body plans & development

  26. Plants • Evolution for terrestrial life • Support • H2O balance • Transport • Reproduction • Sex • dispersal

More Related