Chapter 8 Water and Minerals

1. Chapter 8Water and Minerals Nutrition: Concepts & Controversies, 12e Sizer/Whitney

2. Introduction • Minerals • Major • Trace • Water • Most indispensable nutrient

3. Minerals in a 60-Kilogram (132-Pound) Person (Grams)

4. Water • Makes up about 60 percent of a person’s weight • Roles • Solvent • Cleansing agent • Lubrication and cushion • Coolant

5. Body’s Water Balance • Water balance • Dehydration • Thirst • Signs • Groups at risk • Water intoxication • Body water varies by pounds • Thirst and satiety govern water intake • Hypothalamus, pituitary gland, kidneys

6. Water Balance – A Typical Example

7. U.S. Fluid Sources

8. Safety and Sources of Drinking Water • Public water • Removal of many hazards • Disinfectants • Testing and reporting • Chlorination and cancer • Water sources • Surface water • Groundwater

9. Bottled Water • Regulation and safety • Sales across state lines • Standards • Less rigid than those for tap water • BPA • IBWA trademark • Water for nutrition’s sake • Fluoride

10. Body Fluids and Minerals • Water follows salt • Electrolytes • Water flows toward greater concentration • Fluid and electrolyte balance • Causes of imbalance • Acid-base balance • Hydrogen • Buffers

11. A Bone

12. Calcium • Bone and tooth formation • Hydroxyapatite • Fluorapatite • Bone and tooth turnover

13. Calcium • In body fluids • 1 percent of body’s calcium • Roles • Blood calcium is tightly controlled • Calcium balance • Skeleton serves as a calcium bank • Bone density • Organs

14. Bone Throughout Life

15. Calcium Snapshot

16. Phosphorus • Second most abundant mineral in body • Majority found in bones with calcium • Roles in the body • Recommendations • Deficiencies are unlikely • Food sources

17. Phosphorus Snapshot

18. Magnesium • “Major mineral” • Dietary requirement • Bones and kidneys • Roles in the body • Works with calcium • Deficiency • Toxicity • Recommendations

19. Magnesium Snapshot

20. Sodium • Roles • Major part of fluid and electrolyte balance • Acid-base balance • Deficiency • “Water Weight” • Recommendations • Intakes

21. Sodium • Blood pressure • Hypertension • Measures • Types • Sodium intakes increases blood pressure • Heart damage • DASH diet • Controlling salt intakes

22. How to Cut Sodium from a Barbeque Lunch

23. Potassium • Positively charge ion inside the cells • Roles • Fluid and electrolyte balance • Heartbeat • Deficiency • Dehydration • Toxicity • Recommendations

24. Potassium Snapshot

25. Iodine • Body’s work is done by iodide • Roles • Thyroxine • Deficiency • Goiter • Cretinism • Toxicity • Food sources

26. Iron • Every living cell contains iron • Two proteins • Hemoglobin • Myoglobin • Roles • Carry oxygen • Make new cells, amino acids, hormones, & neurotransmitters

27. Iron • Iron stores • A mineral to be hoarded • Iron losses • Special proteins transport and store iron • Absorbing iron • Forms of iron in food • MFP factor • Impairing iron absorption

28. Normal and Anemic Blood Cells

29. Iron Snapshot

30. Zinc • Works with proteins in every organ • Roles • Expression of deficiency • Groups at greatest risk for deficiency • Vegetarians

31. Zinc Snapshot

32. Fluoride • Not essential to life • Roles in the body • Roles in the body • Deficiency • Dental decay • Toxicity • Fluorosis • Sources

33. U.S. Population with Access to Fluoridated Water Through Public Water Systems

34. Food Sources of Calcium in the U.S. Diet

35. Calcium Absorption from Food Sources