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Water and Major Minerals

Water and Major Minerals. Chapter 14. Learning Outcomes. What influences water balance and how does the body maintain water balance? H ow does both dehydration and water intoxication develop? Who gets it?

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Water and Major Minerals

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  1. Water and Major Minerals Chapter 14

  2. Learning Outcomes • What influences water balance and how does the body maintain water balance? • How does both dehydration and water intoxication develop? Who gets it? • For water and all major minerals discussed in class know the food sources, major functions, and the problems with low and high intakes of major minerals and how to avoid inadequate or excessive intakes. • Know the major causes, risk factors, and treatment options for hypertension and osteoporosis

  3. Water • Intracellular Fluid • 2/3 of the body’s water • Extracellular Fluid • Interstitial and Intravascular • Water content varies by age and body composition

  4. Water • Body fluid also contains • Solutes • Electrolytes: Cations and Anions

  5. Water balance: Sodium Potassium Pump

  6. Water balance: Sodium Potassium Pump • Three sodium ions from inside the cell first bind to the transport protein. • Then a phosphate group is transferred from ATP to the transport protein causing it to change shape and release the sodium ions outside the cell.

  7. Water balance: Sodium Potassium Pump Then a phosphate group is transferred from ATP to the transport protein causing it to change shape and release the sodium ions outside the cell. Two potassium ions from outside the cell then bind to the transport protein. As the phosphate is removed, the protein assumes its original shape and releases the potassium ions inside the cell.

  8. Functions of water • Functions of Water • Maintenance of blood volume and transport of nutrients and oxygen • Saliva, bile, amniotic fluid • Lubrication • Temperature Regulation • Specific Heat • Waste Product Removal

  9. Water • Water is from drinks, food, and metabolism • Beverage choices can add extra kcal

  10. Water content of select foods

  11. Water • Needs • Vary with body size, physical activity, environmental conditions and dietary intake • AI 15 cups daily adult male, 11 cups daily adult female • Based on 80% fluid intake, 20% food intake

  12. Water • Deficiency • Dehydration: fluid output exceeds fluid intake • Diarrhea, vomit, fever, exercise, hot/dry weather, high altitude • ~2.5- 3 cups water recommended per pound of weight loss during exercise

  13. Body’s response to dehydration

  14. Body’s response to dehydration

  15. Water toxicity • Toxicity • Hyponatremia • Electrolytes in blood are too concentrated • Side effects: headache, blurred vision, cramps, convulsions, death • Who? • Infants, endurance athletes

  16. Case Study Your 4 year old cousin doesn’t like to drink water or milk. He is also considered overweight. What would be a good strategy to ensure he gets enough fluid? • Soda • Milk shakes • Fruit • Fruit punch

  17. Overview of Minerals • Major versus Trace Minerals • Absorption • Physiological need • Bioavailability • Competition with other minerals • Competition with non minerals • Oxalate • Polyphenols • Enhancement

  18. Minerals in Our Body

  19. Overview of Minerals • Function • Water balance (sodium, potassium, calcium, and phosphorus) • Transmit nerve impulses (sodium, potassium, calcium) • Enzyme cofactors • Component of body compounds • Body growth • Deficiency • Calcium, potassium, magnesium iron, zinc, and iodine • UL

  20. Sodium • Foods • Sodium chloride (40% sodium and 60% chloride) • 75-80% of our salt intake is from processed foods • Needs • AI for under age 51 is 1500 mg, for 51-70 it is 1300 mg, for 70+ it is 1200 mg • UL is 2300 mg

  21. Sodium content of selected foods

  22. Sodium • Absorption via active transport in small and large intestine (sodium potassium pump) • Excretion by the kidneys • Function: • Help absorb glucose and some amino acids in small intestine • Normal muscle and nerve function • Aids in water balance

  23. Sodium • Deficiency • Rare • UL • 2300 mg • Hypertension, heart disease, and stroke • Increased calcium loss in urine

  24. Hypertension • Causes • Risk factors • Minerals and phytochemicals • Drug therapy • DASH diet • Lifestyle modifications for prevention and treatment 26

  25. Blood pressure

  26. To lower blood pressure

  27. Dash diet 29

  28. 30

  29. Who is most likely to go over the UL for sodium? • There is no UL for sodium • A person who loves fruit • A person who loves cheese • A person who loves diet soda

  30. Potassium • Foods (beans, potato, dairy, fruits, vegetables) • Needs • AI is 4700 mg • Average intake below this • Function: intercellular cation so same functions as sodium except that it decreases calcium excretion • Deficiency • Hypokalemia (low blood potassium) can lead to irregular heartbeat (usually from urinary losses) • Increased risk of hypertension • UL • Hyperkalemia (high blood potassium) with poor kidney function

  31. Potassium content of select foods

  32. Chloride • Foods- sodium chloride • Needs • AI 2300 mg (based on 40:60 ratio) • Function • Anion (-) maintains fluid balance • Transmit nerve impulses, part of HCl • Deficiency rare • UL is 3.6 grams/day

  33. Calcium • Foods • Dairy, fortified foods, green leafy vegetables • Needs • AI 1,000 mg to 1,200 mg • U.S. intake 670 mg to 1,100 mg • UL • 2500 mg day (stones and calcification of organs) • Who? • Hyperparathyroidism and supplemental calcium

  34. Calcium absorption

  35. Calcium supplements • Calcium carbonate and calcium citrate • Who should take which? • When should you take it? • How much should you take? • Interactions • Zinc, iron, and magnesium • Contamination

  36. Calcium • Absorption • Slightly more efficient in upper SI (more acidic) • Things that influence absorption: • Food source • Vitamin D needed • Efficiency increases during times of need • Full stomach • Age • Fiber, oxalate, phosphorus, polyphenols (tea)

  37. Blood calcium levels are kept under tight control

  38. Which of these increases calcium absorption? • Taking calcium supplements with a glass of milk • Taking calcium supplements with salty foods • Taking calcium supplements on an empty stomach • Spreading out your calcium intake throughout the day

  39. Calcium Functions: Bone health

  40. Calcium function: nerve transmission

  41. Osteoporosis • Bone Loss • Normal/low bone mass-osteopenia • Very low bone mass-osteoporosis • Diagnosis • DEXA bone scan • Prevention and Treatment • Bone building nutrients • Active lifestyle • Drug therapy

  42. Phosphorus • Foods • Milk, cheese, meat, bakery products and cereals • Needs • RDA 700 mg/day • Average intake 950 mg to 1650 mg/day • Absorption: active transport and diffusion

  43. Phosphorus • Function • Major component of bone and teeth • Critical to the function of every body cell (intercellular anion, part of ATP and DNA, part of cell membranes, part of many cellular message systems) • Deficiency • Rare but a chronic deficiency=bone loss, decreased growth and poor tooth development • Preterm infants, alcoholics, diarrhea, over use of aluminum containing antacids • UL • 3-4 grams/day to avoid high blood concentrations

  44. Magnesium • Foods • Fruits and vegetables, nuts, coffee, milk and meats • Needs • RDA 310-400 mg/day • RDA increases by 10-20 mg/day over age 30 • U.S. average 80% RDA • Absorption: active transport and diffusion, depends on intake, regulated by kidney

  45. Magnesium • Functions • Vital role in range of biochemical and physiological processes • Helps ATP binding • Pumps sodium out of cells and potassium in • DNA and RNA synthesis • Muscle contraction • Insulin • Blood pressure

  46. Magnesium • Deficiency • Who?: Excessive losses via urine or GI disorders • Irregular heartbeat, weakness, muscle spasms • Increased risk of osteoporosis • UL • 350 mg/day • Supplements and nonfood items (antacids and laxatives) • Kidney failure (elderly) • Weakness, nausea, coma, death

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