US: Mindset #35

1. US: Mindset #35 • What is the United Nations? • Why would powerful countries want to control weaker nations? (imperialism) • What is a totalitarian government? • If citizens are unhappy with their totalitarian government, what could they do to change it? • THINKER: If the dictator of one country is implementing harsh laws, do you think the U.S. should step in and help? Explain!

2. World: Mindset #37 What is the United Nations? Why would powerful countries want to control weaker nations? (imperialism) What is a dictatorship? If citizens are unhappy with their dictator, what could they do to change it? THINKER: If the dictator of one country is implementing harsh laws, do you think the U.S. should step in and help? Explain!

5. Gaddafi comes to power • Gaddafi joined the Libyan military in 1961 • September 1, 1969 – a small group of junior military officers led by Gaddafi staged a bloodless coup against King Idris of Libya • Next, they abolished the monarchy and created the new Libyan Arab Republic • This republic was immediately deemed a “rogue state” by the U.S. President GamalAbdal Nasser of Egypt (right) with the Leader of the Libyan Revolution, Muammar al-Gaddafi, 1969

6. Rogue State • Rogue State – a country whose conduct is considered to be out of line with international norms of behavior • threatening to world peace • This means meeting certain criteria, such as being ruled by a dictator, restricting human rights, sponsoring terrorism, and increasing weapons of mass destruction • Usually, rogue statesare not supported by democratic powers or the UN. • What countries do you think the U.S. considers rogue states?

8. Libya under Gaddafi control • Gaddafi arrested members of the government and named himself leader, prime minister, and defense minister. • Libya was now ruled as a single party police state • Gaddafi soon expelled minority groups (Italians, Jews) from the country and confiscated their property • He practiced Pan-Arabism, a belief in Arab nationalism which said all Arabic countries should join together and form political, economic & military alliances. • Pan-Arabism strongly opposes Western involvement in the Arab world

9. Territories of the Arab League

10. Libya under Gaddafi control • In 1975, Gaddafi published The Green Book • “required reading for all Libyans” • Rejected democracy, free press, and capitalism • Dissent is illegal - surveillance takes place in government, factories, and education. • Political conversations with foreigners is a crime punishable by three years of prison. • Gaddafi removed foreign languages from school curriculum. • Prisons are run with little or no documentation of the inmate population or basic data as prisoner's crime and sentence. • The regime has often executed dissenters publicly and the executions are repeated in state television channels. • According to the Freedom of the Press Index, Libya is the most censored country in the Middle East and North Africa.

14. Libya under Gaddafi control • Gaddafi's used “revolutionary committees” to repress any political opposition or dissent • 10 to 20 percent of Libyans work in surveillance for these committees • By 1979, the committees assumed control of all elections. • 95% of Libya’s economy is from oil production. • Gaddafi passed laws for government control of all oil fields (no private ownership), businesses, and banks. • By 1982, 100,000 Libyans had fled the country.

17. Gaddafi’s intervention in Africa • In 1972, Gaddafi created the Islamic Legion to unify the region under Arab control (priorities were Chad and Sudan) • 1973-1994: Libya invades Chad for control of Aozou Strip. • 1977: Libyan-Egyptian War • In 1972, Libya tried to buy a nuclear bomb from China • Inspectors from the Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC) verified in 2004 that Libya owned a stockpile of 23 metric tons of mustard gas and more than 1,300 metric tons of chemical weapons

18. Gaddafi’s intervention in Africa • 1978 – war with Tanzania • Gaddafi supported the inhumane Sierra Leone diamond trade • In 2001, Gaddafi invaded the Central African Republic

20. Libya and International Terrorism • 1971 – Gaddafi threatens France with military intervention • 1973 – Irish Navy confiscated ships carrying Libyan weapons • 1976 – supported Irish bombing of England • 1981 – conflicts between Gaddafi and Reagan (U.S. prohibited travel to Libya, cut off oil shipments) • 1986 – Gaddafi started training Libyan suicide squads to attack the U.S. and Europe • 1986 – bombing of Berlin (starts U.S. bombing of Libya) • 1987 – broke off relations with Australia • 1988 – Gaddafi ordered the bombing of London Pan Am flight 103, killing 250 people • In the late 1980’s Gaddafi supported Islamic terrorist groups in Philippines, Austria, Indonesia, and New Zealand

23. UN Sanctions • After the bombing of the Pan Am flight, the United Nations implemented sanctions, or penalties, on Libya. • These sanctions basically cut Libya off from the rest of the world until 2003 • The sanctions included: • cut airline connections with the outer world • reduced diplomatic representation • prohibited the sale of military equipment. • froze Libya's foreign assets • banned the sale to Libya of refinery or pipeline equipment • $2.7 billion to the families effected by the flight

24. 2011 Libyan Uprising • On February 15, 2011 protests spread across the country calling for new leadership and elections. • Gaddafi responded with military force, censorship and blocking of communications • The uprising escalated into armed conflict, with rebels establishing a coalition named the Transitional National Council based in Benghazi. • The International Criminal Court warned Gaddafi that he and members of his government may have committed crimes against humanity • In early March, Gaddafi's forces rallied, push eastwards and re-took several coastal cities before attacking Benghazi

27. UN Involvement • On March 17, The United Nations Security council declared the following: • no-fly zone over Libya, to prevent the use of military aircraft against civilians • freeze the assets of Gaddafi and ten members of his inner circle and restrict their travel • referred the actions of the regime to the International Criminal Court for investigation • UN Security Council is made up of 15 members with 5 holding the power of veto (China, France, Russia, Britain, U.S.) • The Gaddafi government then announced a ceasefire, but failed to uphold it • On March 19, France, U.S., and England sent planes to control the area and prevent attacks

29. Cities controlled by pro-Gaddafi forces Cities controlled by anti-Gaddafi forces (supported by coalition forces) Ongoing fighting/unclear situation

30. Were you paying attention? • How did Gaddafi come to power? • What is a rogue state? • What is Pan-Arabism? • What is Libya’s economy dependent on? • Why did Gaddafi want to take over other countries in Africa? • Describe Libyan relations with the rest of the world. • After the 2011 uprising, what did the UN declare? • Why did France and England send planes into Libya?

31. Videos • ABC News Video: • http://abcnews.go.com/International/libya-crisis-obama-moammar-gadhafi-ultimatum/story?id=13164938

32. What should the U.S. do?