Emotional Development Young Children

1. Emotional DevelopmentYoung Children • Child Psychology • Dennis Karpowitz

2. Erikson’s TheoryInitiative versus Guilt • Conscience • Play

3. Freud’s Phallic Stage • Phallic stage • Oedipus conflict • Electra conflict • Superego and conscience • Identification

4. Self-Development • Self-concept • Self-esteem, Self-worth • Rate own abilities highly • Underestimate task difficulty • Allows initiative

5. Emotional Development • Gains in representation and language • Rise of self-conscious emotions • Shame • Embarrassment • Guilt • Envy • Pride

6. Understanding Emotion • Ability to interpret, predict & change other’s feelings • Focus on the most obvious • Talking about feelings brings emotional control • Make-believe play, well developed • Emotional knowledge increased ability to get along with others.

7. Emotion and Self-Regulation • Language & emotional self-regulation • Emotional blunting, socially helpful • Communicate positive feeling • Temperament makes a difference • Fears are common because of vivid imaginations.

8. Self-Conscious Emotions • Injury or enhancement to sense of self • Audience necessary • Related to achievement and moral behavior • Success and failure • Good and bad • Often defined by parents and teachers

9. Empathy • Why is empathy socially important? • More likely to help others • Rely more on words than toddlers • Parental modeling effects their reaction to other’s suffering.

10. Peer Relations • Play • Nonsocial activity, common in 3-4 year olds* • Parallel play • Associative play • Cooperative play • All types of play typical at this age • First friendships - pleasurable play, 4-7 • Parental influence on peer relationships

11. Foundations of Morality • Age 2, concerned with how one should act • 1. Morality is externally, adult controlled • 2. Gradual development of inner standards • 3. Develop principles of good conduct • Freud and the superego - harsh standards • Induction - looking at consequences • Prosocial - altruistic behavior

12. Foundations of Morality Cont. • Behaviorism and social learning theory • “Good” behavior followed by rewards • Modeling is powerful

13. Harsh Punishment • Promotes momentary compliance • Provides children with an aggressive model • Teaches children to avoid punishing adults • Offers immediate relief to adults who are then reinforced for using coercive discipline

14. Mild Punishment • Helpful when used as follows: • In a warm parent-child relationship • When used with consistency • When accompanied by explanation • When the adult is in control of him/her-self • When positive interactions predominate

15. Alternative of Physical Punishment • Redirection • Time out • Withdrawal of privileges • Onerous tasks • Talking about it • Reward good behavior Catch’em be’n good

16. Cognition and Morality • Children are active thinkers • Social conventions > moral rules • Social experiences leads to ideas about justice and fairness • Aggressive children show poor moral reasoning.

17. Aggression • Instrumental vs. hostile aggression • Overt vs. relational aggression • Boys more aggressive than girls • Girls tend to use relational aggression • By 2 aggression decreases in girls

18. Families Model Aggression • Anger and Punitiveness • Commands and physical punishment (boys) • Parents overlook fighting among boys • Boys less guilty about fighting than girls • High aggressors rejected by peers • Television and aggression • Social Problem Solving • Shure & Spivack

19. Gender Typing • Role and Preferences • Strong among preschoolers • Maccoby - hormonal influences • Environmental influences • The family • Teachers • Peers • Television.

20. Gender Identity • Masculine • Feminine • Androgynous • Learned by • Modeling and reinforcement • Gender Constancy • Gender schema theory • Reducing unhelpful gender stereotyping

21. Child Rearing • Variables • Warmth, responsiveness • Verbal explanation • Limit setting • Physical or non physical punishment • Styles of Parenting • Authoritative • Coercive (authoritarian) • Permissive • Uninvolved

22. Parenting Styles WarmthReasoningLimitsPhys. Pun. Hi Coercive Authoritative Permissive Low Uninvolved

23. Child Abuse • Physical Abuse • Sexual Abuse • Physical or Emotional Neglect • Emotional, Verbal or Psychological Abuse

24. Child Abuse Statistics • 1,460 child fatalities in 2005 • Children under 3 years of age are most at risk

25. Child Abuse Statistics Cont. • 13.1 Million Cases Reported in 1998 • 132 % increase in one decade • 200,000 Reported Cases of Child Sexual Abuse • Approximately 68 % of the cases studied confirmed the abuse.

26. Child Abuse Cont. • What signs do you look for? • Consistency • Regularity • Lack of logical explanation..