Scientific and Medical Achievements

1. Scientific and Medical Achievements Chapter 22 Section 2

2. Key Terms • Charles Darwin • Marie and Pierre Curie • Radioactivity • Albert Einstein • Louis Pasteur • Pasteurization • Anesthetic • Ivan Pavlov • Sigmund Freud

3. Darwin’s Theories • Natural selection-creatures that are well adapted to their environment have a better chance of survival • Offspring inherit these features

4. Darwin’s Theories • Species will evolve or change to improve survival over time • His theory indicated humans were descendants from other animals • Differed from theory of creation in the Bible

5. Advance in Chemistry and Physics • 1800’s chemists and physicists made landmark discoveries • 1803 Joseph Dalton developed atomic theory • Atoms of different elements are themselves of different size and mass

6. Advances in Chemistry and Physics • 1871 Dmitri Mendeleev- made the periodic table • Left gaps in the table knowing that some elements have yet to be discovered • Predicted scientists would find more elements than fit unto the table

7. Advances in Chemistry and Physics • 1898 Marie and Pierre Curie discover polonium and radium • Radioactivity – the energy released by the breakdown of certain elements • 1911 Ernest Rutherford called the center of an atom the nucleus and is made up of positively charge particles called protons

8. Einstein’s Genius • 1905 discovers physics • Light is not only a wave but energy (used physics) • No particle of matter can move faster than the speed of light • Motion can only be measured by the observer

9. Einstein’s Genius • E = MC2- means that a small amount of mass can be converted to a huge amount of energy • One must include time in the study of space • Overturns Newton on how the universe works

10. Medical Breakthroughs • Preventing Disease • 1870 Louis Pasteur showed a link between microbes and disease • Bacteria was always present in the air and reproduce • Bacteria in the air- can make grape juice and milk sour

11. Medical Breakthroughs • Pasteurization- process of heating liquids and foods to a high temperature to kill bacteria • Milk • Cheese • Juices • Have been sterilized through pasteurization

12. Medical Breakthroughs • Anthrax- threat to people and livestock • Injected animals with a weakened virus • Helped body to build antibodies to fight the disease • Developed a Rabies vaccine in 1895

13. Improving Medical Care • Crawford Long invented anesthetic called ether • Made patient unconscious/ first painless surgery • 1860 Joseph Lister developed antiseptic • Germ killing agent • Reduce deaths from 45% to 15%

14. Improving Medical Care • Nursing schools trained large number of women • 1900 5% of doctors were women • Public health care caused a dramatic drop in infant mortality • 1800-240 deaths per thousand to 91 in 1898

15. New Ideas and Social Sciences • Psychology-study of the mind and human behavior • Ivan Pavlov-animals could be conditioned or taught • Animals salivate at smell or sight of food • Dogs reacted the same way to a bell because they got food after it rang

16. Sigmund Freud • Unconscious part of the mind contains thought that we are unaware of • Hypnotism- used to explore the unconscious mind • Encourage people to tell him about their dreams • Repressed thoughts cause mental illness • Psychoanalysis was his therapy

17. Other Social Sciences • Archaeology- study of past artifacts • 1800’s used scientific approach • Recorded all stages of their work • Anthropology-study of humanity and its ancestors • 1920 Sociology-studies social institutions and sub groups, racial, ethnic, age, gender