Review for CBA #1

1. Review for CBA #1 Biology

2. Symbiosis • List and describe the various interactions between organisms. • Mutualism- both organisms benefit • Commensalism- one benefits, the other is not harmed nor benefitted • Parasitism- one benefits, the other is harmed • Predation- one hunts, the other is hunted

3. Levels of Organization • List the levels of organization from smallest to largest starting with cells. • Cells • Tissues • Organs • Organ systems • Organisms

4. Energy Flow • What is the difference between a food web, food chain and an energy pyramid? • Food chain- shows the path energy takes as is moves from one organism to the next • Food web- shows the path energy takes as it moves through out an ecosystem (interconnected food chains) • Energy Pyramid – shows the amount of energy that is available to be transferred within a food chain

5. Energy Flow • Describe the various ways organisms can obtain energy. • Producers- use the energy from the sun (or chemicals) • Consumers – use energy obtained from other organisms • Decomposers – break down materials from living things to obtain energy

6. Herbivores- obtain energy from plants • Carnivores- obtain energy from other animals • Omnivores - obtain energy from both plants and animals • Detritivores- obtain energy from “trash”

7. Carrying Capacity/Limiting Factors • What is the carrying capacity? • The number of organisms within a population that an ecosystem can sustain • What is a limiting factor? • Any factor in the environment that can keep a population to a specific number of organisms (food, shelter, water etc.)

8. Cycles of Matter • How is the movement of matter in an ecosystem different than the movement of energy? • Matter is recycled, energy moves in 1 direction • What can happen to a pond or lake if additional nitrogen is added by fertilizer run off? • It could cause an algae bloom which would decrease the amount of oxygen available to the fish and cause a “fish kill”

9. What organism is responsible for nitrogen fixation? • Bacteria • What are some consequences of increasing greenhouse gases? • Increase in global temperatures, climate changes, decrease in populations and biodiversity

10. Adaptations to the Environment • What type of adaptations would organisms in each environment have? • Desert – plants would have modifies leaves (thorns) and roots that are long (taproots) in order to reach water; animals have adaptations to conserve water and behaviors to stay out of the heat of the day • Tundra – animals have layers of fat/blubber to act as insulation; plants have short leaves and quit growing during the winter due to decreased sunlight

11. Marine/Aquatic- animals have gills to obtain oxygen or blowholes on top of the head to breathe at the surface and streamlined bodies to move easily through the water; plants have ways of holding fresh water in their tissues

12. We can infer that if organisms have similar adaptations, they must come from… • Similar environments • If the characteristics of a population changes, we can infer the _________ also changed • Environment

13. Ecological Succession • What is ecological succession? • the gradual and orderly process of change in an ecosystem brought about by the progressive replacement of one community by another until a stable climax is established

14. What is the difference between primary and secondary succession? • Primary begins with bare rock, like after a volcanic eruption • Secondary begins with soil, like after a flood, fire or human disruption

15. Biomolecules • What are the 4 types of biomolecules? • Proteins • Lipids • Carbohydrates • Nucleic Acids

16. How are the structures of proteins and carbohydrates similar? • Both are made by the polymerization of smaller units • Which biomolecules are used for energy? • Carbohydrates – immediate use • Lipids – long terms source

17. What are enzymes? • Proteins that are catalysts that speed up chemical reactions • What are nucleotides? • Structural units of DNA and RNA • What part of an amino acid distinguishes them from each other? Look on page 47, Figure 2-16!!! • The “R” group

18. STUDY ALL OF YOUR NOTES!