Patterns of Energy Consumptions, Alternatives and Conservation

1. Patterns of Energy Consumptions, Alternatives and Conservation The GMIS

2. Present Trend • A direct correlation exists between the amount of energy used and the complexity of civilizations. • Fossil-fuel consumption in conjunction with the invention of labor-saving machines resulted in the Industrial Revolution, which led to the development of technology-oriented societies today in the developed world. • The invention of the automobile caused major changes in the lifestyles of people that led to greater consumption of energy.

3. Present Trend • Because of the high dependence of modern societies on oil as a source of energy, OPEC countries can set the price of oil through collective action. • In general, rich countries use large amounts of energy and poor countries use much less. • Analysts expect the worldwide demand for energy to increase steadily and the growth in energy usage by those countries becoming industrialized to be greater than that of already-industrialized nations.

4. History of Energy Consumption • During the Carboniferous period, (286-362 million years ago) conditions were conducive to the formation of large deposits of coal. • Oil and natural gas formed primarily from one-celled marine organisms. • During the Industrial Revolution, machines replaced human and animal labor in the manufacture and transportation of goods. • Steam engines converting heat energy into forward motion were central to this transformation. • Countries or regions without large coal deposits were consequently left behind.

5. History of Energy Consumption Changes in energy sources

6. How Energy is Used • Industrialized nations use energy roughly equally for: • Residential / commercial uses • Industrial uses • Transportation • Less-developed countries use most energy for residential purposes. • Cooking and heating • Developing countries use much of their energy to develop industry.

7. How Energy is Used- Example • In North America, 16% of energy is used for residential and commercial purposes. • 68% used for air conditioning and water and space heating. • In India, 57% of energy is used for residential purposes. • The current pattern of residential and commercial energy use in each region of the world determines what conservation methods will be effective.

8. Energy Uses in Indonesia http://www.asiabiomass.jp/english/topics/images/0905_01.gif

9. Energy Uses Periodically

10. Problems with burning fossil fuels • Huge amounts of carbon dioxide are given off into the atmosphere • Carbon dioxide causes global warming or the greenhouse effect • coal-burning power stations also give off sulphur dioxide gas which leads to acid rain

11. Greenhouse effect? • Carbon dioxide gas acts like the glass in a greenhouse • Infrared radiation from the Sun is usually reflected back into space • Greenhouse gases stop this, and heat is reflected back to the Earth again

12. Aspect- The Economics and Politics of Energy Use • The Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) consists of twelve members. • OPEC nations control over 78% of the world’s estimated oil reserves (1,000 billion barrels). • Since 2002, OPEC countries have agreed to regulate production to maintain a price greater than $22 per barrel. • With increased solidarity among OPEC countries, oil prices have continued to rise and reached over $70 per barrel in 2006.

13. Energy Consumption Trends • Over half of world energy consumption is by the 25 member countries of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), the developed nations of the world. • Available Energy Sources • Oil 37% • Coal 27% • Natural Gas 24% • Nuclear energy and hydropower provide the rest.

14. World Oil Consumption and Production, 2001, 2010, and 2025 Source: EIA, International Energy Outlook 2004

15. Alternative energy sources • Wind energy • Hydroelectric energy • Solar energy • Tidal energy • Nuclear energy • Geothermal energy • Biomass energy

16. Producing Energy from Biomass • Biofuels • Biomass plantations • Crop residues • Animal manure • Biogas • Ethanol • Methanol

17. Geothermal Energy • Geothermal reservoirs • Dry steam • Wet steam • Hot water • Molten rock • Hot dry-rock zones

18. Problems with nuclear fuels • Nuclear power stations can produce large amounts of energy from small amounts of nuclear fuel. (Radioactive materials naturally release heat) • Nuclear radiation is extremely dangerous • High safety standards are needed • Waste materials stay radioactive for thousands of years • There have been some disastrous accidents at nuclear power stations which have affected all living things in the area

19. Conservation – The Only Alternative

20. Solutions!!! A Sustainable Energy Strategy

21. Some TOK----But Can Technology “Save Us”? • This is a belief issue – it is not at all obvious • Technology = more efficient/innovative machines burning fuels • Could technology exist without fossil fuels • Will it continue when fossil fuels are gone? • There are high energy and low energy technologies • Cars, planes, power plants • Bypass surgery, most drugs, better golf clubs • We must consider an intermediate tech – low energy world • Recent energy technology breakthroughs are not impressive

22. THANK YOU