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Vertebrates

Vertebrates. Vertebrate Survey Anatomy and Physiology of Vertebrates. Vertebrate Evolution. Phylum Chordata is the group of animals with a notochord – a flexible, supporting structure along the back

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Vertebrates

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  1. Vertebrates Vertebrate Survey Anatomy and Physiology of Vertebrates

  2. Vertebrate Evolution • Phylum Chordata is the group of animals with a notochord – a flexible, supporting structure along the back • Contains the invertebrate chordates, and Subphylum Vertebrata, which have evolved vertebral columns • Serves as site for muscle attachment, protects nerve cord

  3. Trends in Vertebrate Evolution • Development of true bony jaws • Development of paired pectoral and pelvic limb girdles • Development of bones • Most vertebrates have two sets of appendages (arms and legs), a closed circulatory system with a ventral heart, and either gills or lungs for breathing

  4. Class Agnatha • Jawless fish • Ex. Lampreys and hagfishes • Only living vertebrates without jaws • Parasites – survive by attaching themselves to other fish or aquatic animals, feeding on their blood and body fluids • Scavengers – eat decaying carcasses

  5. Class Chondrichthyes • Cartilaginous fish • Ex. Sharks, skates, rays • Skeletons made of cartilage • Some are fearsome predators, other eat small fish, mollusks, or plankton

  6. Class Osteichthyes • Bony fish • Contain half of all vertebrate species, all aquatic habitats • Ray-finned fish – sub-class containing almost all fish species – well-developed bone systems, specialized jaws with teeth • Lobe-finned fish – sub-class with lungs and gills, relatives of amphibians

  7. Class Amphibia (amphibians) • Lay eggs in water and spend part of their life cycle there (gills) • As adults, live on land and breathe through lungs • Most have moist skin, as part of their respiration occurs through skin

  8. Class Amphibia • Examples include: • Newts and salamanders (lay eggs in water, hatch into young that resemble adults – larvae have gills that disappear and are replaced by lungs as they grow) • Frogs and toads (eggs hatch in water as tadpoles, which look completely different from adults)

  9. Class Reptilia (reptiles) • Fully terrestrial • Reproduce by internal fertilization – egg/sperm fuse within body of the female • Produce leathery eggs to prevent water loss • Dry scaly skin to retain moisture • Developed lungs

  10. Class Reptilia • Order Chelonia – turtles and tortoises, protective shell of bony plates (long fossil record) • Order Crocodilia – crocodiles, alligators, caimans (long fossil record) • Order Squamata – lizards and snakes, most abundant group

  11. Class Aves (Birds) • Only vertebrates with feathers • Used for flight and conservation of body heat • Lay eggs

  12. Class Mammalia (mammals) • Named for presence of mammary glands, enable females to nourish young with milk • Have hair to retain body heat

  13. Class Mammalia • Three groups: • Monotremes – egg-laying mammals like duck-billed platypus – have body hair/fur, lay leathery eggs • Marsupials – live young born very early in their development and continue to develop within marsupium – kangaroos, koalas, opossums • Placental mammals – largest group, names for placenta (organ that connects mother with developing embryo, allows for nutrient, gas, and waste exchange)

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