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9.11  The Meninges

9.11  The Meninges. Dura mater - outermost layer Arachnoid mater   -  no blood vessels, in between layer (resembles a spider web) Pia mater -inner membrane, contains nerves and blood vessels to nourish cells . CSF -  cerebrospinal fluid      See video of a http://youtu.be/yYZxNsnf18Y.

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9.11  The Meninges

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  1. 9.11  The Meninges Dura mater - outermost layer Arachnoid mater  -  no blood vessels, in between layer (resembles a spider web) Pia mater -inner membrane, contains nerves and blood vessels to nourish cells

  2. CSF -  cerebrospinal fluid      See video of a http://youtu.be/yYZxNsnf18Y Figure 13.25a

  3. Dura mater is being peeled away in this photo.

  4. Subdural Hematoma

  5. CNN Video Showing cognitive tasks during brain surgery as a tumor is removed. Natgeo Brain Surgery Video - removal of tumor

  6. Spinal Cord passes down the vertebral canal, has 31 segments  (each with a pair of spinal nerves) Cervical enlargement = supplies nerves to upper limbs (neck)Lumbar enlargement = supplies nerves to the lower limbs (lower back) FUNCTION: conducting nerve impulses, serves as a center for spinal reflexes

  7. ASCENDING  - impulses travel to the brain (sensory) DESCENDING - impulses travel to the muscles (motor)

  8. Spinal reflexes - reflex arcs pass through the spinal cord

  9. MENTAL HOSPITAL PHONE MENU • Hello and thank you for calling The State Mental Hospital. Please select from the following options menu: • If you are obsessive-compulsive, press 1 repeatedly. If you are co-dependent, please ask someone to press 2 for you. If you have multiple personalities, press 3, 4, 5 and 6. If you are paranoid, we know who you are and what you want, stay on the line so we can trace your call. If you are delusional, press 7 and your call will be forwarded to the Mother Ship. If you are schizophrenic, listen carefully and a little voice will tell You which number to press. If you are manic-depressive, hang up. It doesn't matter which number you press, nothing! will make you happy anyway. If you are dyslexic, press 9-6-9-6. If you are bipolar, please leave a message after the beep or before the beep or after the beep.   • But Please wait for the beep. If you have short-term memory loss, press 9. If you have short-term memory loss, press 9. If you have short-term memory loss, press 9. If you have low self-esteem, please hang up. Our operators are too busy to talk with you. If you are menopausal, put the gun down, hang up, turn on the fan, lie down and cry. You won't be crazy forever.

  10. THE BRAIN • ANATOMICAL REGIONS • Cerebrum • Cerebellum • Brain Stem

  11. CEREBELLUM • Balance and coordination

  12. CEREBRUM - wrinkly large part of the brain, largest area in humans, higher mental function

  13. Brain Stem -  regulates visceral functions (autonomic system)

  14. Figure 13.4

  15. 2.  Corpus Callosum  -  connects the two hemispheres  1.  Cerebral Hemispheres     -  left and right side separated by the ....

  16. The Cerebral Hemispheres Figure 13.7b, c

  17. Take the Left Brain – Right Brain Test

  18. Corpus callosum

  19. 3.  Convolutions of the Brain - the wrinkles and grooves of the cerebrum Fissures = deep groove Sulcus = shallow groove Gyrus = bump

  20. 4.  Fissures – separate lobes Longitudinal fissure - separate right and left sides

  21. Transverse Fissure - separates cerebrum from cerebellum

  22. Lateral Fissure separates the temporal lobe from the Frontal and Parietal lobes

  23. Lobes of the Brain (general functions) 5.  Frontal – reasoning, thinking, language 6. Parietal – touch, pain, relation of body parts (somatosensory) 7.  Temporal Lobe – hearing 8.  Occipital – vision

  24. LOBES OF THE BRAIN (CEREBRUM) Figure 13.7a Sulcus = groove Gyrus = raised bump Fissure = deep groove

  25. 9.  Cerebral Cortex - thin layer of gray matter that is the outermost portion of cerebrum (the part with all the wrinkles)

  26. Functional and Structural Areas of the Cerebral Cortex Figure 13.11a

  27.   10.VENTRICLES OF THE BRAIN Fluid filled cavities, contain CSF

  28. 11.  Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) - fluid that protects and supports brain Figure 13.27b

  29. FUNCTIONAL REGIONS • A. MOTOR AREAS • B. SENSORY AREAS • C. ASSOCIATION

  30. 12.  Motor Areas - controls voluntary movements- the right side of the brain generally controls the left side of the body -also has Broca's Area (speech)

  31. 13.  Sensory Area - involved in feelings and sensations    (visual, auditory, smell, touch, taste)

  32. 14.  Association Areas - higher levels of thinking, interpreting and analyzing information

  33. BRAIN STEM Figure 13.4

  34. BRAIN STEM Consists of three parts:   MIDBRAIN PONS MEDULLA OBLONGATA

  35. 1.  Diencephalon         has 2 parts..... 2. Hypothalamus - hormones, heart rate, blood pressure, body temp, hunger 3. Thalamus - relay station

  36. 4.  Optic Tract / Chiasma - optic nerves cross over each other

  37. Cerebellum - balance, coordination 5.  Midbrain – visual reflexes, eye movements 6. Pons - relay sensory information 7.  Medulla – heart, respiration, blood pressure

  38. Pituitary Gland The "master gland" of the endocrine system.  It controls hormones.

  39. Corpus callosum Thalamus Pineal gland Hypothalamus

  40. Midbrain Medulla Oblongata Pons

  41. 9. HIPPOCAMPUS • Memory is controlled by the HIPPOCAMPUS (“sea horse”; that’s its shape). The hippocampus plays a major role in memories.

  42. 10. The LIMBIC SYSTEM The LIMBIC SYSTEM plays a role in EMOTION also includes olfactory lobes - memory, emotion, and smell are linked.  Crayolas are created today with the same scent because it reminds people of their happy times in childhood. Why is the brain formed so that smell and emotions are tied together? Because pheromones are tied to emotions and behavior, so they need the link.

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