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Chapter 1

Chapter 1. Introduction Process and System. Production Phases. Pre-Production

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Chapter 1

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  1. Chapter 1 Introduction Process and System

  2. Production Phases • Pre-Production • Preproduction includes the preparation of a show before the actual production activities take place. It usually happens in two stages: the first is the move from the basic idea to the script; the second is the designation of the necessary equipment (cameras, microphones, and so forth), facilities (studio or field production), and people to transform the script into a television show. • Production • Production includes all of the activities in which equipment and the crew operating it create the actual program or program segments. The program can be video-recorded or put on the air; the segments are usually video-recorded for postproduction. • Post-Production • Postproduction involves mostly video and audio editing. The various program sections that were recorded in the production phase are put into the proper sequence. It can also include the enhancement of the pictures and the sound.

  3. The effect-to-cause model • The effect-to-cause model facilitates the production approach. It moves from the basic idea to the process message—the desired effect on the viewer—and from there to the medium requirements—content, people, and equipment—necessary to actually cause the process message. The closer the defined and actual process messages match, the more the successful the program. Desired effect on target audience Defined Process message Idea Production feedback • Medium requirement: • Content • People • Equipment Actual effect on target audience Actual process message

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  5. Non Technical Personnel • The nontechnical personnel include a variety of people who design the program (writers, art director, sound designer, and so forth) and execute the program (producers, director, floor manager, and assistants). Technical Personnel • The technical personnel include the engineers, who install and maintain the equipment, and the non engineering technical personnel, who operate the equipment.

  6. News Personnel • The news department has its own production personnel, which consist of a variety of producers, writers, assignment editors, graphic artists, reporters, and videographers as well as video journalists, individuals who report, operate the camera, and write and edit the story.

  7. Basic Television System • The basic television system consists of the equipment and the people who operate the equipment to produce specific programs. In its simplest form, the system comprises a television camera that converts what it sees into a video signal, a microphone that converts what it hears into an audio signal, and a television set and loudspeaker that reconvert the two signals into pictures and sound. • The camcorder is an example of a piece of equipment that contains the most basic television system. Expanded Television System • The expanded television system adds equipment and procedures to the basic television system to make possible a wider choice of sources, better quality control of pictures and sound, and the recording and/or transmission of video and audio signals.

  8. The ENG • The ENG (electronic news gathering) system consists basically of a camcorder and a microphone. The EFP (electronic field production) system may include multiple camcorders or field cameras, some lighting, and audio and video control equipment. The Efp • The EFP system is similar to that for ENG, but it may use more than one camera to feed the output to separate video recorders. The Major Production Elements • The major production elements are the camera, lighting, audio, switcher, videotape recorder, and postproduction editing.

  9. There are several types of video cameras: large studio cameras that need a special support to be moved about the studio floor; ENG/EFP cameras that are small enough to be carried by the operator; and camcorders, which have the recording device either built into the camera or attached to it.

  10. Lighting • Lighting is the manipulation of light and shadows that influences the way we perceive objects on-screen and how we feel about the screen event. • The two types of illumination are directional light, produced by spotlights, and diffused light, produced by floodlights.

  11. Audio • Audio, the sound portion of a television show, is necessary to give specific information about what is said and to set the mood of a scene. • Audio production elements include microphones, sound control equipment, and sound recording and playback devices. • The basic function of microphones are to convert actual sound waves into electronic energy – the audio signal. The sound signals are amplified and sent to the loud speaker, which converts them into audible sound. • The audio console is used to select, amplify, mix, and control the volume of all incoming sound signals. Example “the soundboard.”

  12. Switcher • The switcher enables us to do instantaneous editing by selecting a specific picture from several inputs and performing basic transitions between two video sources.

  13. Television Camera • The three main parts of a camera are: • Lens • Imaging device • viewfinder The imaging device, or pickup, device is a sensor that translates light into electronic energy.

  14. There is a variety of analog and digital tape-based recorders as well digital tapeless video recorders. • Non-tape-based systems include hard drives, optical discs, and memory cards or flash drives. Large-capacity hard-drive systems, called servers, are used for the recording, storage, and playback of program material. • Videotapes are recording media that permit the recording of both digital and analog information.

  15. Post-Production • Postproduction editing consists of selecting various shots from the source material and putting them in a specific sequence. • In nonlinear editing, the digital video and audio material is stored on a hard drive and manipulated using computer software. Nonlinear editing systems can produce high-quality video and audio sequences for broadcast or duplication, a rough-cut of lesser video quality, or an EDL (edit decision list) which serves as a guide for the final high-quality edit. • Linear editing normally requires two source VTR’s, which contain the original material that you recorded with the camera, and the record VTR, which produces the final edit master tape.

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