Presentation Transcript

1. Unit 3

   The World After the Fall of The Roman Empire
2. The Surviving Rome Remember: split, west fell, east survived… Byzantium- would survive for 1,000 and preserve the glory of Rome- most spoke Greek A New Rome- Justinian A New Caesar- Along with Belisarius he conquered much of N. Africa and Italy Absolute power over church and state Brutal dictators –most were assassinated
3. Justinian’s Obsession Restoring the Roman Empire The Code was the first step. Captured many islands (Sicily) and Northern Africa Short – lived… continued invasions of the West Did hold off invasions to the Eastern Empire
4. Justinian Code Developed to unify and solidify laws of the Eastern Empire (lasted 900 years) and to regulate ALL Areas of Byzantine life- Code- 5,000 useful laws (four volumes) Digest- 50 volumes of legal summaries Institutes- New Laws textbook to teach the law Novellae- passed after 534
5. Daily Life and the City Constantinople- 14-mile stone wall along the coast and refortified the rest Churches Hagia Sophia (“Holy Wisdom”) Palace complex, baths, schools, hospitals… Preserved Greco Roman Culture Mese- Main street- open air markets and entertainment Hippodromes- “horse-racecourse” 60,000 seats
6. Nikka “Victory” Rebellion Fans in the Hippodrome often rioted Justinian’s government was harsh Angry mob packed the place and demanded Justinian be overthrown He almost left, but his wife (Theodora) urged him to stay in the city Slaughtered 30,000 fans
7. More about Theodora Reforms: rights of women in divorce and property ownership, gave mothers some guardianship rights over their children, and forbid the killing of a wife who committed adultery.
8. The Fall of the Byzantine Empire After Justinian’s death- riots, religious quarrels, foreign dangers, etc. Plague- resembled bubonic plague Lasted until around 700 Height in 542- 10,000 people per day died Attacks from East and West Used bribes, marriages, and diplomacy to resist Constantinople managed to survive, but fell in 1453
9. The Church Divides Christianity developed differently in both parts of the empire- distance and communication Differences Leadership- supreme authority in East was the Emperor, West was Pope Icons- East used to aid in worship, West (Leo 111 banned their use as idol worship)- one pope excommunicated the Byzantine emperor Religious Doctrine- the pope and patriarch excommunicated each other.
10. More About Icons Objection of the western church was not about the icon itself, but the treatment of the icons Veneration= reverence or importance of the icon was the issue Incense, kisses, adornment, etc were common Though honor is paid through this treatment- Eastern worshipers believed they were just paying their homage to the person or event.
11. The Final Split Shortly after the joint excommunication Roman Catholic Church= Western Orthodox Church= Eastern Missionaries competed for converts Cyrillic Alphabet used to translate the Bible to convert the Slavs who developed into Russia
12. Russia’s Birth Slavs (natives) interacted with Byzantines- blended into Russian culture Place- between the Black and Baltic Seas- near the Ural Mountains, and three rivers- Dnieper, Don and Volga Who-First= Slav farmers and traders, Varanigians AKA Rus settled in forts Rurik, a Viking chief, became their king by invitation
13. Russia’s Birth (continued) Rurik founded the city of Novograd- Russia’s first important city. Oleg founded Kiev, another important city This city became a major trade center because they could sail by river and sea to Constantinople
14. More about Kiev Converted to Orthodox Christianity through Princess Olga who ruled for her son, who resisted conversion- her grandson eventually converted and made the people convert too. Because of Byzantine influence Kiev became strong and grew into Russia’s first unified territory Religion, law, trade, architecture, and art all influenced by Byzantines
15. Moscow Once just a small trade city Most important leader: Ivan III first to call himself tsar Goal to reunite all of Russia Married Sophia- niece of the last two Byzantine Emperors Brought much Byzantine culture to Moscow
16. The Mongol Invasions When- mid 1200’s Who were the Mongols?- ferocious nomads from Central Asia Transportation: horse Methods: ruthless brutality, savage killings and burnings Leaders: Genghis Kahn and Batu Kahn Actions in Kiev: Attacked and demolished
17. Mongol Rule in Russia: The Khanate of the Golden Horde (AKA Golden Camp in the Mongol language) Leadership style: allowed Russians to follow their customs, tolerated all religions- the church acted as a mediator Mongol demands: absolute obedience and massive tributes… NO REBELLION!
18. More Effects of the Mongols Negative: Russia= isolation, no access to new ideas and inventions. Split up and became more agricultural. China= moved capital, population declined- low pay for farmers Positive: Russia= fused together the govt and church China= United the dynasties, Increased trade and commerce, utilized the silk roads
19. Russia Breaks Free- How? If Moscow controlled the three rivers they could control the Russian territories Unification of small states around Moscow- through marriages and political deals Princes found an ally: the church- the most powerful Bishop moved to Moscow The leaders: Ivan I (Ivan Moneybag- won trust of the Mongols and was given power) and Ivan III (openly challenged Mongol Rule Ivan III’s title= CZAR- Russian version of Caesar and shows their desire to be the Third Rome
20. The Ottoman Turks Located between the declining Byzantine Empire and the Muslim Empires Ghazis- warriors of Islam Leader= Osman- followers called Ottomans Military success based on use of gun-powder and cannons
21. Decline and Capture of the Byzantines and Constantinople Population decreased from over one-million to 50,000 Still controlled the Bosporus Strait and could cut off Ottoman access to Asia and the Balkans Mehmed II (“Give me Constantinople”) 7-week siege (Carried boats over land), constant cannon fire, broke the wall and entered the city

22. The Muslim World

    The Rise of Islam The Expansion of Islam The Muslim Culture
23. Geography of Arabia Crossroads of Africa, Asia, and Europe Location made trade a huge part of life for the people of Arabia Oceans and seas AND land trade through caravan routes and the silk roads Climate- deserts, Bedouins (nomads), clans, farming communities in oases- farming and market towns
24. Mecca Arabia’s most important city Religion- location of the Kaaba The Kaaba was an ancient shrine that held and honored many idols to the gods- many people visited the Kaaba to pay their respects to these gods Commerce- being located on the Red Sea and land trade routes made this a major trade city
25. The Kaaba
26. The Prophet Muhammad Birth- Mecca- orphaned at age 6, raised by grandfather and uncle with little education Young man- worked on the caravan routes- married an older business woman, Khadijah Revelations- a voice, he believed was Gabrielle, said Allah was the only true god and Muhammad was the last of his prophets
27. Terms to Know Islam: submission to the will of Allah Muslim: one who has submitted- or the followers of Islam Allah: the one and only true God
28. Early Hostility 613- preaching belief in one god Leaders in Mecca feared he would lead to the neglect of the other gods Why would this be a problem? People would stop traveling to the city to pay homage to the idols in the Kaaba- economically motivated!
29. The Hijrah After attacks on Muhammad’s followers he decided to leave Mecca Traveled to a city 200 miles north Renamed the city Medina Gathered a large number of followers Became a military and political leader Returned to Mecca
30. Muhammad’s Return 630- 10,000 man army marched to Mecca Destroyed the idols in the Kaaba Took over the city and established it as an Islamic center as many citizens converted Lived 2 more years and began unification of the Arabian Peninsula
31. Basic Beliefs of Islam There is one God. There is good and evil Each person is responsible for his/her actions
32. Five Pillars of Faith Faith- one God, Allah, Muhammad is his messenger Prayer- 5 times each day toward Mecca Alms- religious tax to benefit the poor, Muslims must support the less fortunate Fasting- reminder that spiritual needs are more important than physical…. No eating during daylight hours for the month of Ramadan Pilgrimage (hajj)- all Muslims should visit the holy city of Mecca- all wear the same garments to signify equality before Allah
33. The Hajj During Ramadan
34. Other Customs, Morals and Laws of the Muslims No eating pork or drinking alcohol Communal worship on Friday afternoons at a Mosque No priests, Muslims worship Allah directly
35. Islamic Authority Ulama- scholars who relate Islam to Quran- holy book- written in Arabic- the only true language of Islam- and is the FINAL words of Allah Sunna- Muhammad’s example or model for proper living Shari’a- body of law the regulates family life, moral conduct, business and community relations
36. Links to Christianity and Judaism Allah is the same as their God Jesus= prophet, not the Son of God All believe in The Ten Commandments, Heaven and Hell and final judgment All trace their ancestry to Abraham Jews and Christians are called “people of the book” Islamic law requires Muslims to extend religious tolerance to them
37. The Spread of Islam Caliph- successor or deputy Caliphate- rule of a Caliph Abu-Bakr was the first following Muhammad’s death “Rightly guided Caliphs” were those who knew Muhammad and followed the Quran
38. The Jihad As many tribes abandoned Islam following Muhammad’s death, they refused to pay tribute The jihad (means striving) was instituted to justify the spread of Islam An inner struggle against evil An armed struggle against non-believers
39. Success of the “Rightly Guided Caliphs” Well disciplined and trained armies Byzantine empire was weak due to centuries of conflict Persecution of those who did not accept Christianity or Zoroastrianism
40. Islam’s Attraction Equality and hope in this world Muslims did not have to pay a poll tax (for non-Muslims) Allowed conquered people to practice their religion Christians and Jews had special treatment as “People of the Book”
41. A Crisis of Internal Conflict Several successors of Muhammad were assassinated and the elective system of choosing the Caliph was lost The Umayyads took over Moved the capital to Damascus Muslims of Arab descent were angered Umayyads surrounded themselves with wealth and ceremony- things not associated with Muhammad
42. 3 Muslim Groups Emerge Shi’a- “Party of Ali” Sunni- followers of Muhammad’s example Sufi- rejected the wealth and luxury of the Umayyad and lived a simple life of poverty and devotion The Shi’a outwardly resisted the Umayyad rule and believe Caliphs must be descendent of Muhammad
43. The Abbasid Caliphate Around 750 the Abbasids defeated the Umayyads Moved the capital to Baghdad Developed a bureaucracy A treasury kept track of money flow Taxed land, imports, exports, and non-Muslims’ wealth Did not keep complete political control of the empire, so other Caliphates spread
44. The Muslim Trade Network Sea trade= Mediterranean Sea and Indian Ocean Land trade= Silk Roads Language of trade= Arabic, money was the Abbasid Dinar Set up bands and letters of credit called sakk (Checks)
45. Muslim Class Society Upper= Muslims from births Second= converts to Islam Third= Protected people (monotheistic believers) Fourth= slaves (non-Muslim prisoners of war only) There are no priests b/c Muslims pray directly to Allah
46. House of Wisdom = Learning Center for Islam Books translated into Arabic- helped preserve European culture Al Razi- physician who wrote a Comprehensive Book (medical encyclopedia) IbnSina-Wrote the Canon of Medicine is still one of the most important medical books ever written, and served as the medical authority throughout Europe for 600 years. Among the Canon's contributions to modern medicine was the recognition that tuberculosis is contagious; diseases can spread through water and soil; and a person's emotional health influences his or her physical health. I Science= observation and experimentation to solve problems Math is the basis of all knowledge “al jabr” Astronomy- book, Optics- revolutionized ideas about vision and led to the development of telescopes and microscopes IbnBattuta- Geographer who mapped northern Africa for the Muslims
47. Muslim Art and Archetecture Only Allah can create life images, so pictures are discouraged in art Woodwork, glass, ceramics and calligraphy flourished Architecture is the greatest example of cultural blending between Muslims, Greeks, Romans, and Byzantines
48. Ornate arches frame the doors of the Koutoubia, Marrakech, Morocco's oldest mosque. Completed in the 12th century, the Koutoubia served as a model for other mosques in the Muslim world.
49. Mosaic and Caligraphy
50. The Sharia Governs Muslim Life System of law Regulates family life, moral conduct, business and community life Forbidden to eat pork or drink alcoholic beverages
51. Role of Women in Muslim Society Had more economic and property rights than other cultures of the time Equal to men as BELIEVERS, but Islam teaches they be obedient and submissive Today some Muslim cultures limit women’s rights (Iraq and Afghanistan are examples)
52. Two Worlds of Muslim Women
53. West African Trade Empires (See Unit Guide to complete the chart) Ghana Mali Songhai Location- all in Western Africa All centered on taxing the gold and salt trade Geography- between salt mines to the north and gold mines to the south.
54. Ghana Dates- Rise- Fall- Contributions- Famous Leaders-
55. Mali Dates- Rise- Fall- Contributions- Famous Leaders-
56. Songhai Dates- Rise- Fall- Contributions- Famous Leaders-
57. Swahili Trade Cities Located in Eastern Africa Swahili- language blending African and Arabic Geography- location near the Indian Ocean easily reached by Muslim traders Traded gold and salt from Western Africa with Muslim traders Also traded slaves- primarily females to Muslim Empire as house servants.
58. Blending of Cultures Muslims and Christians influenced African religion and culture Syncretism= blending of African beliefs with Christianity and Islam

59. The Middle Ages500-1500

    Chapter13
60. Background Information Roots- Classical Rome, Catholic Church and Germanic tribes Flashback to the fall of Rome…. Germanic Tribes invaded Rome to escape the Huns, eventually the Germanic Tribes gained strength and power
61. Changes brought by Germanic Invaders to Europe Economy- disruption of trade, businesses failed, money became scarce Government- cities abandoned as centers for government- little or no leadership Culture- population shifted from cities to rural areas- people had to grow their own food- culture abandoned for survival
62. The Decline of Learning Would you rather write a book, create art, perform in plays, etc. OR EAT?! Germanic invaders could not read or write in Latin and had no written language of their own The development of many languages (Spanish, German, French, English, etc) mirrored the break-up of the Roman Empire
63. Germanic Kingdoms and Tribes 400-600 Roman Provinces were replaced with Germanic Kingdoms Held together by loyalty to family and their tribes and governed by unwritten rules and customs Remember: Romans were loyal to citizenship in a central state and their government The Twelve Tables= Roman Laws
64. Results of these changes: People lived in rural areas and pledged loyalty to their local chief or prince Conflicts between these princes and kings led to no unification of Germany because the warriors pledged loyalty to their prince, not a central figure
65. Charlemagne Remembered for unifying the Frankish kingdoms and creating an empire larger than any since Rome Crowned Emperor by Pope Leo II- joined Germanic power with the Catholic Church and tied them to Rome
66. New Leadership: Charlemagne died (of Pleurisy at the age of 72) his son, Louis the Pious, took over Louis was religious, but a poor leader- even his sons fought him for power- he died of illness then the struggle between the sons began Treaty of Verdun- the kingdom was split into three kingdoms
67. Treaty of Verdun (843) The sons agreed to split the empire between them Three kingdoms emerged
68. Lasting Legacy of Carolingian Rulers The church emerged as a power: When Charlemagne accepted the crowning by the Pope, he gave the church power higher than the kings Key role of the church… gain converts, provide order, provide security
69. Adaptation to a Rural Society Monasteries- religious communities in rural areas to provide education and services to the people Blacksmith, schools, grain storage, medical attention, etc.
70. Monks and Nuns Gave up personal possessions to serve God and live in monasteries Worked to educate others, wrote and copied books and preserved Roman heritage and Germanic history
71. Attacks on Europe From the North: Vikings from Scandinavia- terrifying raids on cities by attacking from the sea quickly- sometimes before locals could defend themselves From the South: Muslims- came up from Africa and reached to modern Switzerland From the East: Magyars- came from modern Turkey- expert horsemen- looking for captives to sell as slaves, not land to settle
72. A New Social Order Kings and queens needed protection from these invasions, with no government to provide an army they turned to feudalism Feudalism= Political and economic system involving land ownership and personal loyalty and based on rights and obligations
73. Key Terms in Feudalism King- land legally belonged to him Lord- a landowner who granted land in exchange for military service Fief- the land granted by a lord to another Vassal- the person receiving the fief and owing service to the lord Manor- the lord’s estate Serf- peasants bound to the land
74. The Ins and Outs of Feudalism Class mobility- little mobility was possible because class was based on control of land Based on land holding and protective alliances Status was based birth and determined power and prestige Feudalism depends on agreements, obligations, and church teachings
75. The Manor The basic economic system under feudalism The lord’s estate Covered a few square miles Mostly self sufficient
76. Structures The Castle- offered protection from invasions to all living on the manor The church- became the center of daily life: tithes were paid to the church
77. Daily life on the Manor Life was harsh and full of work! Things to deal with included: Taxes – to the lord, marriage, tithe 1-2 room house No where to keep livestock Poor diet (bread, vegetables, and soup) Life-expectancy = 35 years
78. Knights and Chivalry
79. Chivalry Definition- a code of complex ideals that demanded a knight to defend his feudal lord, God, and his chosen lady Chivalry emerged because of the expectation that knights would fight bravely
80. What is a knight? Mounted horsemen who pledged to defend a lord’s lands in exchange for a fief: AKA (vassals) Knights fought for Land Reward fiefs (wealth) Spoils of war (allowed to take riches from places they attacked)
81. How to become a knight… First you must be the son of a noble Age 7- pages were sent to another castle to serve their host and practice fighting skills Age 14- squire who acted as a servant for the knight Age 21- a squire could become a full-fledged knight
82. Characteristics of the ideal knight Courageous, loyal, chivalrous, protector of the weak and poor, devoutly religious Pastimes of knights- centered on preparing for war- hunting, wrestling, and tournaments
83. Literature of Chivalry Retold stories of chivalrous deeds and heroic battles Troubadours- traveling poets and musicians Eleanor of Aquitaine- one of the most important women of the middle ages- promoted literature- mother of two future kings
84. What about the women? Noble women- role was to get married, take care of the estate, bear children, and attend church- they held little property Peasant women- laborers and performed household duties
85. This church in Rottingdean, East Sussex, is nearly 1000 years old. It was made of stone and built to last. It would have been much larger than a Medieval peasant's cruck house. The Power of the Church This entrance to Amiens Cathedral in France shows just how vast cathedrals were. The doors alone are over 20 feet tall, while the 'porch' which surrounds it makes this doorway nearly 60 feet tall; taller than many houses now.
86. Pope Gelasius I c. 500 said, “There are by two powers by which this world is chiefly ruled: the sacred authority of the priesthood and the authority of kings.” What does this quote mean to you?
87. Setting the stage for church power Central government was weak and not unified. In addition, Nobles did not always support the central government/ The church expanded its political role which led to strong rulers to question the church’s authority
88. The foundation of Church Authority Power was based on status (just like in feudalism) Clergy- the different ranks of church officials Lay people are not members of the clergy
89. The structure of the Church
90. Primary Benefit The Medieval Church unified the people All levels of society attended services together- the shared beliefs was a bond between classes- this gave security and a sense of belonging to all people
91. Church “policies” that bound the social groups together Path to salvation- everlasting life in heaven was obtained by ALL who followed the same path Sacraments- important religious ceremonies Baptism, Eucharist, Reconciliation, Confirmation, Marriage, Holy Orders, Anointing of the Sick
92. Church Laws Cannon Law- laws that ALL people were expected to follow- from kings to peasants Basically it controlled all aspects of the Medieval life- customs, norms, laws, etc could not violate the church law
93. So, what happens if a person did violate Canon Law? The Church had two tools to enact in this case Excommunication- banishment from church, sacraments and salvation * for a king this would also free his vassals Interdict- (for those who continued to violate the law) no religious ceremonies could be held in the king’s land (remember the Sacraments)
94. The Holy Roman Empire Emerges Otto the Great- a successor of Charlemagne Most effective ruler of Medieval Germany Formed a close alliance with the Church Gained power over Italy Named Germany the Holy Roman Empire
95. The Church and Kings Clash Lay Investiture- ceremony in which kings and nobles appointed local Church officials- the Church was against this because who ever controlled investiture controlled the clergy Most famous Clash= Henry IV and Pope Gregory
96. Henry IV vs. Pope Gregory VII
97. 1075 Pope Gregory banned lay investiture Henry IV ordered him to step down- with the approval of his Bishops Pope Gregory EXCOMMUNICATES Henry IV- the Bishops and German princes then sided with the Pope
98. January 1077- The “Showdown” To save his throne, Henry IV traveled to Italy to visit the Pope After three days of waiting (in the snow) outside of the Papal palace and begging for forgiveness (according to Gregory’s official church documents) he was granted forgiveness Nothing was really solved- the conflict continued with their successors
99. 1122- The Concordat of Worms This was a great compromise between German royalty and the church The Pope – only- could appoint Bishops BUT, the King could veto his appointment
100. Disorder in the Holy Roman Empire Frederick I BARBAROSSA was forceful and dominated the German princes Every time he left town rebellion broke out The Church got involved, led and won a rebellion of Italians (the Lombard League) First time in history that foot soldiers defeated Knights due to the crossbow German authority was lost - the empire crumbled
101. Roman Empire vs. Holy Roman Empire Difference- there was no powerful central government Results of all this- German kings controlled less land than England and France, never truly united, and conflicts between them and the church continued

102. The Age of Faith

     A Spiritual Revival in the Church Chapter 14 Section 1
103. Causes and Effects Causes: Vikings and other invaders raided western Europe and destroyed monasteries and centers of learning- New monasteries were built with the idea of reform. Effects: New religious orders of monks spread the ideas of reform- devotion and reverence to God, restored and expanded Pope’s power
104. Main Problems in the Church Illiterate Priests Popes with questionable morals Bishops and abbots cared more about their Feudal duties than the spiritual Priests with wives and children Simony- bishops selling positions Lay investiture
105. Reforms and Church Organization Popes Leo and Greg- enforced laws against simony and married priests Restructured Resembled a kingdom Papal Curia- the pope’s group of advisors Acted as a court Developed Canon law Tithes 1/10 of the yearly income Used to perform social services- hospitals
106. The Crusades
107. The Crusades Goals Social- stop attacks, reclaim Palestine for Christians Political- get rid of knights who threatened peace in the kingdoms Economic- younger sons of knights seeking fortunes, cash loans to finance the journey, control of trade routes
108. 1st and 2nd Crusades 1097- three armies of knights and people gathered outside Constantinople- not prepared for climate and had no plan, no leader 1099- army of 12,000 managed to capture Jerusalem and a small strip of land 1144- Muslims captured a key city- 2nd Crusade began 1187-Jerusalem captured by Saladin
109. 3rd Crusade Three Kings- Phillip II (France), Barbarossa (German Emperor) and Richard the Lionhearted (England) --- arguments and death left Richard alone Saladin- Kurdish Warrior and Muslim leader- admired by many westerners Result-Truce in 1192 Jerusalem under Muslim control, but unarmed Christians could visit.
110. The Crusading Spirit Dwindles Causes- 4th Crusade failed, looting of Constantinople by knights, religious spirit faded- most were out for their own gain. The Children’s Crusade French-led by a 12 year old, 30,000 children Germany- 20,000 children Results- many died from cold or starvation, lost at sea, sold into slavery- only 2,000 returned home
111. The Spanish Crusade 1100’s-Muslims (Moors) controlled much of Spain Reconquista- long effort to drive out Muslims 1492- Ferdinand and Isabella gain control of Grenada (island) – the last Muslim controlled territory
112. Spanish Inquisition To unify Spain and increase their power I and F used the court of the church to suppress heresy Heretics- people who’s religious beliefs differed from the Roman Catholic Church (Muslims and Jews) 1492- all Jews and Muslims were gone from Spain
113. Effects of the Crusades Women-chance to manage estates or operate businesses Merchants- expanded trade- imported spices, fruits, and cloth Pope- weakened his power and nobles- increased the power of kings Muslims- intolerance and prejudice of Christians left a legacy of bitterness and hatred- still in effect today Jews-time of increased persecution in Europe and poor relationships in Muslim regions
114. Jerusalem in the Middle Ages
115. Vezalay The town and monastery reached the height of their glory when in Vézelay St. Bernard called for the Second Crusade, in an oration heard by King Louis VII of France and a great number of nobles on March 31, 1146. Vézelay was also the site of the rendezvous between kings Philippe IV of France and Richard I of England as they embarked on the Third Crusade.

116. The Formation of Western Europe

     Changes in Medieval Society Chapter 14 Section 1
117. Switch to Horsepower In the past - farmers used oxen (not real fast) Switched to horses that could do 3 times as much work in the same amount of time. Harness was improved Three Field System In the past – used a two-field system, where they only used 50% (1/2) of their land. The three-field system allowed farmers to use 67% (2/3)of their land, thereby producing more. A Growing Food Supply
118. Definition – organization of individuals in the same business who work together to improve economic and social conditions for it members Functions of the Guild Set standards of quality Train Apprentices Carried goods to local regions The Guilds
119. Examples of Guilds Bakers Wine makers Glass makers Tailors Druggist Wheelwrights To be a member Started as an APPRENTICE Moved to a JOURNEYMAN Become a MASTER “Masterpiece” Guilds Con’t
120. Commercial Revolution Definition: Expansion of TRADE and BUSINESS
121. Fairs and Trade Took place mainly in towns Peasant from manors would travel to buy, sell, and trade Items: cheese, bacon, wine, glass, salt, leather, dyes, knives, ropes, honey Crusades opened up trade routes Business and Banking Due to the mass travel or merchants and traders checks and credit became a means of moving money. Lending also became prevalent Commercial Revolution
122. Effects of the Commercial Revolution Increased the power of the king More money was available for building businesses Workers were paid for labor
123. Urban Life Population began to grow. Towns were small, but there were lots of them. Towns were FILTHY. People were not content to live on the manor, so they moved to towns.
124. Revival of Learning Result of the Crusades Muslims were very educated Aided with the writing of the Greek philosophers Vernacular – Common language of a place or region Scholastics – men who studied together at the great universities Thomas Aquinas – Argued for religious ideas that could be proved with logic, favored the GREEKS.
125. Chapter 14, Section 4 The Church Divided The 100 Years’ War The Bubonic Plague
126. A Church Divided The Great Schism CAUSE: Thru a series of situations the Roman Catholic Church ended up with two popes. (One in Italy and the other in France) The division (or schism) was over which one should be the pope. This weakened the power of the church (Lost some of their credibility.) John Wycliff Who – English preacher Stated – “Jesus Christ was the head of the church, not the Pope.” His complaint – Church was worldly, and pope had too much authority.
127. The Hundred Years’ War Lasted from 1337 – 1453 Fighting was off and on, not continuous Who: England v. France Central Issue: The Throne of France Weapon that altered everything was the longbow
128. The Hundred Years’ War Con’t Longbow – “The Machine Gun of the Middle Ages” English developed it Description: about 6 feet tall, cheap to make, easy to carry Lethal Aspects: Accurate to about 200 yards, average archer could shoot about 14 arrows per minute The French were still using crossbows, which made the battles even more lopsided.
129. The Hundred Years’ War Con’t French Heroine Joan of Arc – French Teenager Background – Had visions that she should lead the French Army The Army followed her, and won several battles, and guided the French to victory Condemned as a witch, and burned at the stake
130. The Hundred Years’ War Con’t Impact of the Hundred Years’ War Nationalism emerged in the two countries --NATIONAL IDENTITIES WERE FORMED Power of the French monarch evolved English suffered internal turmoil
131. The Bubonic Plague
132. The Bubonic Plague Con’t When: 1300s Where: Europe, Asia, North Africa “Fathers and mothers refused to nurse or assist their children.” “Black Death” – B/C of the bluish/black spots that developed on the victim’s skin Followed the trade routes from the east 75% of those who caught the disease died
133. The Bubonic Plague Con’t
134. The Bubonic Plague Con’t Symptoms of the Black Death Painful boils on the skin (armpits & groin) Black and Purple Spots on the skin High fever, chills, delirium DEATH! Effects of the Black Death 50+ million dead Population reduction Trade went down Contributed to the ending of Medieval Society