Chapter 15

1. Chapter 15 Punctuation

2. Italics (underline) • You always use italics for the titles of books, plays, periodicals, films, television series, works of art, and long musical works • To Kill a Mockingbird • Hamlet • National Geographic • Dexter • Starry Night • An American in Paris • Since you cannot put something in italics when you write out a paper, you underline the title instead

3. Italics • You have to italicize the names of certain ships, trains, aircraft and spacecraft • USS Nimitz • the Orient Express • Atlantis • Use italics for words, letters, or numerals referred to as such: • Double to final n before you add –ing in words like running.

4. Quotation Marks • Use quotation marks to enclose a direct quotation – a person’s exact words • “When class is over,” the teacher said, “I will collect your assignment.” • The saying “Give me your tired, your poor” is inscribed on the Statue of Liberty • Make sure you only use quotes for direct quotations • Tom predicted that it will rain. • Not a direct quote! • If you quote someone in a quote you use single quotation marks • Brandon added, “My mom always says ‘Call me when you get there.’”

5. Direct Quotation • Direct quotation will begin with a capital letter • When an expression identifying the speaker interrupts the quote, the second part of the quote would not begin with a capital letter except when the second part is a complete sentence • “I can’t go today,” said Katie, “Ask me tomorrow.” • “Sometimes I like to read,” Lauren explained, “and also watch T.V.” • A direct quote can be set off in a sentence by a comma, question mark or exclamation point but never a period • “Do you want any fries?” asked Mary. • “Wow!” exclaimed Peter. • “I need to do my chores first,” said Frank. • When you write dialogue, begin a new paragraph every time the speaker changes!!!

6. Quotations • Use quotations for short stories, poems, song titles, episodes of T.V. shows, essays, articles, and chapters of books • “The Tell-Tale Heart” • “The Road Not Taken” • “The Star-Spangled Banner” • “The One With All the Resolutions” • “Self-Reliance”

7. Apostrophe • Always used in possession • Singular noun = add ‘s • Plural noun (ends in s) = add ‘ to the s • Contractions always use apostrophe • can’t, won’t, I’m, you’ve, aren’t, wasn’t, she’s, didn’t etc… • ***Only use it’s when you say it is in a sentence, otherwise it is always its (referring to the possessive pronoun)

8. Apostrophe • Use to add the plural of numbers, letter, and symbols • Add an s after • There are two 5’s and three 9’s in his phone number. • Put $’s before the number.

9. Hyphen • Use to divide a word at the end of a line • Will you help me put the silver- ware away? 1. Divide only a word between syllables (be-tween) 2. Do not divide one syllable words (streng-th) 3. Do not divide a word so that one letter stands alone

10. Hyphens • Use a hyphen with compound numbers from twenty-one to ninety-nine and with fractions used as modifiers • Thirty-three • Two-thirds • Use with prefixes: ex-, self-, all-, great- • And suffixes: -elect, -free • ex-husband, all-star, great-grandmother • president-elect, fat-free

11. Parenthesis • Use to enclose material that is added to a sentence but is not considered of major importance • My grandpa (1934 – 2003) was raised in Chicago. • Please be quiet during the performance. (Take crying babies to the lobby).

12. Brackets and dash • Use brackets to enclose an explanation added to quoted or parenthetical material • “I am honored by [this award] and it really means a lot to me.” • Use dashes to indicate an abrupt break in thought or speech • The right thing to do-I know it will be hard-is to apologize