ROYAL POWER AND CONFLICT

1. ROYAL POWER AND CONFLICT

2. SPAIN • Absolutism – unlimited power held by an individual or group • Hapsburgs – powerful ruling family • Monarchy • Philip II – powerful devout Catholic. Built the Spanish Armada & El Escorial (palace). Engaged in costly wars until the Spanish Armada was defeated by England. United but separated by laws. He supported the Inquisition & religious minorities to get their support in return.

3. SPAIN • Phillip III & IV – lacked intelligence, enthusiasm, & interest in politics. They would cause Spain’s decline. • Charles II – young, mentally & physically weak and would have no heirs.

4. ENGLAND • Monarchy with a Parliament • Tudor dynasty • Henry VII – rebuilt commercial prosperity & improved the collection of taxes • Henry VIII – wanted a divorce & broke with the Catholic Church to form the Church of England • Mary – “Bloody Mary” – tried to restore Catholicism after her father’s death

5. ENGLAND • Elizabeth I – educated & shrewd. Writers would praise her constantly. On foreign issues: England was secure by the English channel; had a strong navy; considered Spain & France enemies; she used diplomacy in their dealings; She exercised the Balance of Power – to stay in the middle & not sway to one side or the other in an effort to force the others to compromise. On Domestic issues: Social rank was important; Poor laws – local areas were responsible for their poor; Statute of apprentices – work was a moral duty

6. FRANCE • Had an absolute monarchy • Began with the Bourbon dynasty • Henry IV – was a Huguenot who converted to Catholicism. Issued the Edict of Nantes – protecting Huguenots with civil rights & the right to worship. • Louis XIII – inherited the throne at age 8. Nobility was still in charge of provinces. He would give control to Cardinal Richelieu to assist him

7. FRANCE • Cardinal Richelieu – took away nobility’s power left only social prestige. Intendants took nobility’s place in local provinces. Took away the military & territorial rights of Huguenots after their revolt but left religious freedom. Supported French culture which led to the French Academy.

8. FRANCE • Louis XIV – most powerful Bourbon monarch. Became the source of all political authority. Called himself the Sun King – everything revolved around him. Built Versailles palace – moved the government there. Repealed the Edict of Nantes – Huguenots fled which caused a weakening in the economy. Grandson was Philip of Anjou who became the King of Spain. This caused war between England, Netherlands, & Austria. Treaty of Utrecht would bring peace as long as Spain & France were not united.

9. THE GERMAN STATES • Germany was made up of city-states • Thirty Year’s War – was between the Catholics & Protestants that would be complicated by Calvinism. Turned to a political war when France started fighting. Weakened Germany & allowing for France to become a leading power in Europe. Treaty of Westphalia would extend peace by adding Calvinism as a recognized religion

10. THE GERMAN STATES • Austria – strong monarchy ; most powerful of German states. Charles VI allowed for the Pragmatic Sanction – women to rule. Monarchs of Europe signed. Maria Theresa was clear & resourceful. She strengthened the central government & ended trade barriers to strengthen the economy. • Prussia was in Northeastern Germany controlled by the Hohenzollern dynasty. Frederick II was the most powerful. He began the War of the Austrian Succession over women be allowed to rule. Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle brought peace & Austria would be allowed to retain the province of Silesia.

11. RUSSIA • Isolated from Western Europe, they developed their own civilization based on values of Eastern Orthodox Church & Byzantine Empire. • Russian monarch was all powerful & the nobility, church, & towns posed no challenge • Ivan IV was the most powerful of early czars. Became czar at 3 & witnessed much cruelty that he carried into adulthood even killing his own son. Uprooted the boyars by buying their land & replacing people who were loyal to him. Increased trade with Western Europe but needed to expand borders to as to obtain ports.

12. RUSSIA • At Ivan’s death, troubles plagued county & they would not be stable until the clergy, nobles, & townsmen named Michael Romanov as czar (17yrs). The Romanov dynasty would rule Russia until 1917

13. RUSSIA • Peter I realized that Russian knowledge of the outside world was severely limited. After studying Europe himself, he began ordering Russian nobility to adopt the ways of Europe (clothing, appearance), women to attend parties, & for Russians to learn shipbuilding, naval warfare, mathematics, & foreign languages. He built St. Petersburg – window to the West. • Peter wanted Russia to be a European power – expanded borders & eventually obtained a warm-water port on East Baltic Sea • Peter established a central bureaucracy & brought Eastern Orthodox Church under his direct authority. Created a new class – dvorianie – assisted czar starting at 15 yrs. Old. • Peter placed agriculture & craft production under government control

14. RUSSIA • Catherine II would seize throne from her husband, Peter III. Freed nobles from government service & allowed them to treat serfs however they wanted to. Many peasants were forced into serfdom. Earned her nickname Catherine the Great because of her expansion of Russian borders