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Enzymes: “Helper” Protein molecules. s1. Flow of energy through life. Life is built on chemical reactions. s2. +. +. s3. Chemical reactions of life. Processes of life building molecules synthesis breaking down molecules digestion. enzyme. +. enzyme. +.
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Flow of energy through life • Life is built on chemical reactions s2
+ + s3 Chemical reactions of life • Processes of life • building molecules • synthesis • breaking down molecules • digestion
enzyme + enzyme + Nothing works without enzymes! • How important are enzymes? • all chemical reactions in living organisms require enzymes to work • building molecules • synthesis enzymes • breaking down molecules • digestive enzymes • enzymes speed up reactions We can’t live without enzymes! s4
+ enzyme enzyme + Examples • synthesis • digestion
Enzymes are proteins • Each enzyme is the specific helper to a specific reaction • each enzyme needs to be the right shape for the job • enzymes are named for the reaction they help • sucrase breaks down sucrose • proteases breakdown proteins • lipases breakdown lipids • DNA polymerase builds DNA Oh, I get it! They end in -ase s6
s10 Enzyme vocabulary • Enzyme • helper molecule • Substrate • molecule that enzymes work on • Enzyme-substrate complex • enzyme & molecule temporarily joined • Active site • part of enzyme that substrate molecule fits into
substrate product enzyme active site Enzymes aren’t used up • Enzymes are not changed by the reaction • used only temporarily • re-used again for the same reaction with other molecules • very little enzyme needed to help in many reactions
It’s shape that matters! • Lock & Key model • shape of protein allows enzyme & substrate to fit • specific enzyme for each specific reaction
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What affects enzyme action • Correct protein structure • correct order of amino acids • why? enzyme has to be right shape • Temperature • why? enzyme has to be right shape • pH (acids & bases) • why? enzyme has to be right shape
What affects how well an enzyme works? • Correct protein structure • correct order of amino acids • why? enzyme has to be right shape • Temperature • why? enzyme has to be right shape • pH • why? enzyme has to be right shape
Enzyme concentration • Effect on rates of enzyme activity • as increase amount of enzyme = increases how fast the reaction happens • more enzymes = more frequently they collide with substrate
What’s happening here?! reaction rate amount of enzyme Enzyme concentration
Substrate concentration • Effect on rates of enzyme activity • as increase amount of substrate = increases how fast the reaction happens • more substrate = more frequently they collide with enzyme
What’s happening here?! Substrate concentration reaction rate amount of substrate s17
What’s happening here?! 37° Temperature reaction rate temperature
Temperature • Effect on rates of enzyme activity • Optimum temperature • greatest number of collisions between enzyme & substrate • human enzymes = 35°- 40°C (body temp = 37°C) • Raise temperature • denature protein = unfold = lose shape • Lower temperature T° • molecules move slower • decrease collisions s19
What’s happening here?! pH stomachpepsin intestinestrypsin reaction rate 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 pH
pH • Effect on rates of enzyme activity • pH changes protein shape • most human enzymes = pH 6-8 • depends on where in body • pepsin (stomach) = pH 3 • trypsin (small intestines) = pH 8 s21
SHAPE! For enzymes…What matters?