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a. A. Fourcroy – recognized protein as a class of biological molecules

Protein Synthesis. I . Introduction. A. History. 1. Protein Structure. a. A. Fourcroy – recognized protein as a class of biological molecules. b. J. Mulder – Identified proteins as all having the same formula. c. F. Sanger – sequenced insulin.

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a. A. Fourcroy – recognized protein as a class of biological molecules

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  1. Protein Synthesis I. Introduction A. History 1. Protein Structure a. A. Fourcroy – recognized protein as a class of biological molecules b. J. Mulder – Identified proteins as all having the same formula c. F. Sanger – sequenced insulin d. T. Svedberg – proposed that proteins had conformation e. Armour Hot Dog Co. – purified pure bovine pancreatic ribonuclease A

  2. 2. From Gene to Protein a. J. von Liebig – started physiological chemistry b. E. Buchner – started Bio-chemistry c. W. Rontgen – discovered value of x-rays, led to X-ray crystallography d. L. Pauling – discovered H-bonding in protein e. G. Beadle & E. Tatum – relationship of gene to protein

  3. B. The Code 1. Central Dogma a. DNA  RNA  Protein (Product) Figure 10.6A

  4. 2. Triplet Code Figure 10.7

  5. 3. Code Dictionary a. Special Codes Figure 10.8A

  6. II. Transcription B. Process A. Definition 2. Players 1. Overview a. Transcription factors b. RNA polymerase Figure 10.9B Figure 10.9A

  7. 3. Initiation 4. Elongation Figure 17.8 Figure 17.9

  8. 5. Termination 6. Modification Figure 10.10 Figure 10.9B

  9. III. Translation A. Definition B. Process 2. Players 1. Overview a. tRNA Figure 1.11A

  10. b. rRNA c. mRNA Figure 10.12C

  11. 4. Elongation 3. Initiation Figure 10.13B Figure 10.14

  12. 5. Termination Figure 10.8A Figure 10.15

  13. 6. Modification Figure 17.22

  14. IV. Gene Expression A. Strategies 1. Prokaryotes OPERON Regulatory gene Promoter Operator Lactose-utilization genes DNA mRNA RNA polymerase cannot attach to promoter Active repressor Protein Operon turned off (lactose absent) Lactose Fig. 11.1b Operon turned on (lactose inactivates repressor)

  15. 2. Eukaryotes Promoter Enhancers Gene DNA Transcription factors RNA polymerase Bending of DNA Fig. 11.3 Transcription

  16. B. Organelles 1. Intracellular What/Which organelle(s) are involved in building proteins which are to be used by the cell? Nucleus & Free Ribosomes! 2. Extracellular What/Which organelle(s) are involved in building proteins which are to be put into vacuoles for shipping or retention? Nucleus, Ribosomes, rER, Vacuoles, Golgi, & Vacuoles!

  17. VI. Mutations A. Definition B. Point 1. Base Pair Substitutions Figure 10.16A Figure 10.16B 2. Frame Shift

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