CHAPTER 3 Cultural Conformity and Adaptation R. M. Tolles

1. CHAPTER 3Cultural Conformity and AdaptationR. M. Tolles Section 1: The American Values System Section 2: Social Control Section 3: Social Change

2. Section 1: The American Value System Main Idea Even though American society is quite diverse, there are certain core values that the vast majority of Americans share. • Reading Focus • What are traditional American values? • How have our values changed since the 1970s?

3. Section 1: The American Values System Objectives: • Identify the basic values that form the foundation of American culture. • Describe new values that have developed in the United States since the 1970s.

4. SECTION 1 The American Value System Question: What basic values form the foundation of American culture?

5. SECTION 1 Traditional American Values The American Value System •  personal achievement •  individualism •  work •  morality and humanitarianism •  efficiency and practicality  progress and material comfort  equality and democracy

6. Section 1: The American Values System Basic Values of American Culture Robin Williams –1970 study of American values • Personal Achievement – built primarily by people that value individual achievement, as in the area of employment • Individualism – success comes through hard work and initiative • Work – Americans view discipline, dedication, and hard work as signs of virtue

7. How important is work in the American value system?

8. Section 1: The American Values System Basic Values of American Culture • Morality and Humanitarianism – Americans place a high value on morality and tend to view the world in terms of right and wrong; quick to help the unfortunate • EfficiencyandPracticality – practical and inventive, every problem has a solution; judge objects on their usefulness and people on their ability to get things done

10. Section 1: The American Values System Basic Values of American Culture • ProgressandMaterialComfort – Americans believe that through hard work and determination living standards will continue to improve • EqualityandDemocracy – to have human equality, there must be an equality of opportunity; success is a reward that must be earned

12. Section 1: The American Values System Basic Values of American Culture • Freedom – freedom of choice such as religion, speech, and press and protect them from government interference • Nationalism and Patriotism– the idea of a belonging and strong feeling for a culture or a society, pride and support of ones country • Science and Rationality – the belief that there is an explanation for events and the science can explain it.

14. Section 1: The American Values System Our Changing Values • Self-fulfillment – the commitment to the full development of one’s personality, talents, and potential; includes leisure, physical fitness and youthfulness • Environmental protection • Education and Religion were deemed important by students who were polled

15. New Values Self-fulfillment and Narcissism • Self-fulfillment is a commitment to the full development of one’s personality, talents, and potential • Self-help industry, health clubs, diet centers, books on improving looks • Some scholars see self-fulfillment as a healthy new value, while others view its extreme, narcissism or extreme self-centeredness as detrimental to society as a whole. • Leisure • Physical fitness • Youthfulness • Self-fulfillment • Environmentalism • Progress Our Changing Values While the United States has a set of core values, new values or changed values are sometimes noted.

16. Section 2: Social Control Objectives: • Identify how the norms of society are enforced. • Describe the differences between positive and negative sanctions and between formal and informal sanctions.

17. Reading Check Summarize List and describe four traditional American values. Answer: Students should list and describe any four of the following: personal achievement, progress and material comfort, hard work, individualism, efficiency and practicality, morality and humanitarianism, equality and democracy, freedom

18. SECTION 2 Social Control Question: How are the norms of society enforced, and what are the four types of sanctions?

19. SECTION 2 ENFORCEMENT OF SOCIAL NORMS Sanctions: Internalization: Negative: Positive: Formal: Informal: Social Control rewards or punishments used to enforce conformity to norms how a norm becomes part of a person’s personality, thus conditioning the person to conform to society’s expectations action that rewards a particular kind of behavior reward or punish-ment by a formal organization or regulatory agency, such as the government spontaneous expression of approval or disapproval by an individual or group punishment or the threat of punishment to enforce conformity

20. Section 2: Social Control Enforcing the Norms of Society • Norms – reflect the cultural values its members consider important • Internalization – process by which a norm becomes a part of an individual’s personality thus conditioning that individual to conform to society’s expectations • Sanctions – rewards and punishments used to enforce conformity to the norms

22. Reading Check Analyze In what ways have American values changed? Answer: There has been an increased emphasis on values such as leisure, physical fitness, and youthfulness that can be termed self-fulfillment, as well as an increased interest in protecting the environment.

23. Section 2: Social Control Different Types of Sanctions • Positive Sanction – action that rewards a particular kind of behavior such as good grades or a pay raise • Negative Sanction – punishment or the threat of punishment to enforce conformity such as frowns, imprisonment, and even death

24. Section 2: Social Control Different Types of Sanctions • Formal Sanction – rewards or punishments by a formal organization or regulatory agency such as the government and includes promotions, awards, or low grades • Informal Sanction – spontaneous expression of approval or disapproval by an individual or group such as a standing ovation, gifts, gossip, or ridicule • Social Controls – police, parents, school, religion, etc…

25. Section 2: Social Control Main Idea An examination of the wars in which society attempts to ensure that its values and norms are upheld. • Reading Focus • What forms of social control exist to help ensure that the norms of society are upheld? • Identify how the norms of society are enforced. • Describe the differences between positive and negative sanctions and between formal and informal sanctions.

26. Section 3: Social Change Main Idea This chapter closes with a look at the sources of social change and why people sometimes resist change. • Reading Focus • What are the main sources of social change? • What factors lead individuals to resist social change?

27. Section 3: Social Change Objectives: • Identify and describe the main sources of social change. • Describe the factors that lead people to resist social change.

28. SECTION 3 Social Change Question: What are the main sources of social change?

29. SECTION 3 Source of Social Change Social Consequence Example values and beliefs technology population diffusion physical environment wars and conquests Social Change

30. Section 3: Social Change Main Sources of Social Change • Values and Beliefs – are affected by ideology spread through social movements • Technology – knowledge and tools people use to manipulate their environment • Population – change in size of population may bring about changes in the culture • Diffusion – the process of spreading culture traits from one society to another

31. Sources of Social Change

33. Section 3: Social Change Main Sources of Social Change • Physical Environment – the environment may provide conditions that encourage or discourage cultural change • Wars and Conquest – are not common but bring about the greatest amount of change in the least amount of time (continued)

34. Section 3: Social Change Factors Leading to Resisting Social Change • Ethnocentrism – can lead to segregation • Cultural Lag – a delay in cultural change such as the introduction and use of computers • Vested Interests – might lead to a focus on maintaining budgets over a focus on providing a quality education and instruction

35. #1 Values and Beliefs • Change in one aspect of society produces changes throughout the system [Functionalist perspective], especially when new ideas/values are introduced • An ideology is a system of beliefs or ideas that justifies some social, moral, religious, political, or economic interests by a social group or society • They are spread through social movements which is a long-term conscious efforts to promote or prevent social change • Ex: • Prohibition movement • Civil Rights movement • Peace movement • Women’s movement

36. #2 Technology • Technology is the knowledge and tools people use to manipulate their environment • Discovery occurs when people recognize new uses for existing elements in the world or begins to understand them in different ways • Ex: chewing gum, atomic fission • Invention occurs when people use existing knowledge to create something that did not previously exist • Ex: gadgets, calculators, new hobbies

37. #3 Population • Changes in the culture with • change in size of population • Increase/decrease demands in the economy • Moving from one place to another • Changes in age structure: fewer babies decreases need for schools

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39. #4 Diffusion • Diffusion is the process of spreading culture traits from one society to another • The more contact you have with another culture, the more ideas you will borrow from it • That’s why we not eat pasta, sushi, Mongolian BBQ, Baklava, and pastries

40. #5 Physical Environment • the environment may provide conditions that encourage or discourage cultural change • Ex: what food you can grow • Accommodating natural disasters • Change in the supply of natural resources

41. #6 Wars and Conquests • are not common but bring about the greatest amount of change in the least amount of time • Why? • Causes loss of life of many • Produces broken families • Destruction of property • Leads to rise of new cities/towns from ruins • Changes in work force: shift from production of consumer goods to weapons • Changes in government: leaders, new policies

42. Resistance to Change: Three factors why • Ethnocentrism: believe they are superior so might lead to segregation, no compromises -why some don’t buy foreign cars 2. Cultural lag: a situation in which some aspects of the culture change less rapidly, or lag behind, other aspects of the same culture - easier to convince people to buy foreign technology than to accept a new religion

43. 3. Vested interests: people might be benefiting or are comfortable with how things are so they don’t want change • Ex: workers might resist new machinery that can do the work of 10 people because it might cost them their jobs • Voting against a policy because it might reduce the amount of profit you make

44. Cultural Diversity and Sociology The Adaptive American Culture The long history of immigration to the United States has resulted in an American culture that embraces values, behaviors, and material culture from other cultures around the world. • Latino influence is especially strong as Hispanics are the largest minority group • Influences food, clothes, and cars available • Latino holidays are celebrated • Spanish-language advertisements are common • South Asians are becoming a larger and larger portion of U.S. population • Pakistani and Indian food has quickly become more popular • Bollywood movies are popular