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The s, l, f. z Rule

The s, l, f. z Rule. Words ending with s, l, f, or z after a SHORT VOWEL almost always double the final consonant . (Sam loves fried zucchini!). Examples:. off, fill, pass, jazz. Exceptions:. gas, bus, us, this, yes if, chef, pal, has, was.

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The s, l, f. z Rule

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  1. The s, l, f. z Rule • Words ending with s, l, f, or z after a SHORT VOWEL almost always double the final consonant. (Sam loves fried zucchini!) Examples: off, fill, pass, jazz Exceptions: gas, bus, us, this, yes if, chef, pal, has, was

  2. Consonant Doubling: The 1-1-1 Rule • When a suffix BEGINS WITH A VOWEL and is added to a • 1 syllable word with • 1 final consonant preceded by • 1 vowel …double the final consonant • Do not double final consonant if suffix BEGINS WITH A CONSONANT.

  3. Consonant Doubling: The 1-1-1 Rule Final consonant 1 vowel fit + est = fittest vowel 1 syllable fit + ful = fitful

  4. Consonant Doubling (cont.) • When a word has… • more than one syllable, and • if the final syllable is ACCENTED, and • has ONE VOWEL FOLLOWED BY ONE CONSONANT Double the final consonant when adding an ending BEGINNING WITH A VOWEL.

  5. Consonant Doubling (cont.) 1 vowel followed by 1 consonant vowel remit + ed = remitted Final syllable accented 2+ syllables signal + ing = signaling

  6. Drop Silent -e • When a root word ends in a silent –e, drop the e when adding a suffix beginning with a VOWEL. • Keep the -e before a suffix beginning with a CONSONANT.

  7. Drop Silent -e Ends in silent -e vowel blame + ing = blaming Ends in silent -e consonant extreme + ly = extremely Exceptions: truly, duly, awful, hoeing, fiery, ninth, judgment

  8. Change y to i… • When a root ends in a “y” preceded by a consonant, change “y” to “i” before adding a suffix. • This rule applies to all suffixes EXCEPT –ing.

  9. Change y to i … Consonant Ends in “y” carry + er = carrier Change “y” to “i” All suffixes except “ing” hurry + ing = hurrying

  10. Change y to I (cont.) • If the root word ends in a “y” PRECEDED BY A VOWEL (ay, ey, oy, uy), just add the suffix WITHOUT CHANGING ANY LETTERS. • Some exceptions: • said, paid, daily, slain

  11. Change y to I (cont.) Vowel Ends in “y” buy + er = buyer Exceptions: said, paid, daily, slain

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