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Chapter 10. First Steps towards Equality. Section I: Battling Segregation. Civil Rights in the Postwar Period The struggle for civil rights increased after WWII Black Veterans were no longer willing to put up with discrimination
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Chapter 10 First Steps towards Equality
Section I: Battling Segregation • Civil Rights in the Postwar Period • The struggle for civil rights increased after WWII • Black Veterans were no longer willing to put up with discrimination • In 1948 President Truman desegregated the armed forces and prohibited discrimination in the hiring of federal employees • However, many African-Americans did not share in the prosperity of the 1950’s and still faced seregation in the South.
Section I: Battling Segregation • School Segregation • Charles Hamilton Houston and Thurgood Marshall led the NAACP legal campaign against segregation. • Gaines v. Canada (1938)- U.S. Supreme Court ruled that states must provide black schools within their borders • Sweatt vs. Painter (1950)- U.S. Supreme Court ruled that the University of Texas created an inferior law school for Blacks and therefore had to integrate. In addition, separate law schools hurt Blacks.
Section I: Battling Segregation • School Segregation • McLaurin v. Oklahoma State Regents (1950): U.S. Supreme Court ruled that schools could not separate Black students from others • Brown vs. Board of Education (1954): U.S. Supreme Court ruled that in public schools the “separate but equal” doctrine was unconstitutional and it made segregation in public schools illegal. Struck down Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)
Section I: Battling Segregation • School Segregation • “The Little Rock 9” • Integrated Central High School in Little Rock, Arkansas. • Governor OrvalFaubus called in the Arkansas National Guard to prevent the integration of the school.
Elizabeth Eckford and Hazel Massery- “lynch her! lynch her!”
Section I: Battling Segregation • Other calls for Change • Breaking the Color Line in Professional Baseball • Jackie Robinson- Standout athlete at UCLA • Not necessarily the best player, but definitely the best candidate • Branch Rickey signed Robinson to the Brooklyn Dodgers and he broke the color barrier that had been established since the 1880s on April 15, 1947
Section I: Battling Segregation • Murder of Emmett Till (1955) • Emmett Till was a 14 year old boy from Chicago, IL that went to visit family in Mississippi • Emmett and his cousins went to a store in town . Emmett gave a “cat call” at Carolyn Bryant • Roy Bryant (Carolyn’s husband and J.W. Milam kidnapped Till, beat him, killed him, and tossed his body in the Tallahatchie River. • The two men were acquitted of all charges and later admitted to the crimes to a reporter • His mother insisted on an open casket to show the world what these racist men had done to her son
Section II: The Civil Rights Movement Takes Shape • Protesting Segregated Transportation • In the 1950s many city bus systems in the South required black passengers to sit in reserved areas in the back of buses • The Baton Rouge Bus Boycott (1953) • Organized by T.J. Jemison and Raymond Scott • Lasted 5 days • Resulted in the city doing away with most reserved seating on city busses
Section II: The Civil Rights Movement Takes Shape • The Montgomery Bus Boycott (1955) • Began when Rosa Parks refused to give up her seat • Rosa Parks was a seamstress and NAACP secretary in Montgomery, AL • It’s been argued that it was a PLANNED event • NAACP created the Montgomery Improvement Association and chose Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. (Age 26) to lead it • In 1956, after over a year of boycotting, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that segregation on public buses was unconstitutional.
Section II: The Civil Rights Movement Takes Shape • Martin Luther King, Jr. • Born January 15, 1929 in Atlanta, GA • Earned his undergraduate degree from Morehouse College (HBCU in Atlanta) in 1948 (at age just 19 years of age) • He later earned a theological degree from Crozer Theological Seminary in 1951 • Also earned a doctorate from Boston University in 1955
Section II: The Civil Rights Movement Takes Shape • Martin Luther King, Jr. • He married Coretta Scott in 1953 • Became the pastor of the Dexter Avenue Baptist Church in Montgomery, AL in 1954 • He became an active and vocal member of the NAACP • In addition, he was called on to be the first President of the SCLC (Southern Christian Leadership Conference) • The SCLC highlighted the importance of the role of the church and church leaders such as King seved in the civil rights movement
Section II: The Civil Rights Movement Takes Shape • Many Civil Rights groups were committed to the strategy of non-violent resistance, based on the teachings of Mohandas Gandhi • James Lawson led SCLC workshops on non-violent protest
Section II: The Civil Rights Movement Takes Shape • Student Protest • Sit-Ins: • Student led demonstrations would protest by sitting down in a location and refusing to leave. • Performed at segregated lunch counters • During 1960, over 50,000 students involved in sit-ins • By 1960 Woolworth and three other national chains has integrated their lunch counters • Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee(SNCC) created to organize future protests
Section III: The Movement Grows • Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) -Northern based civil rights group -new forms of non violent protest against racial discrimination • 1960: Supreme Court- It was Illegal to segregate bus stations • CORE- planned to send integrated groups of FREEDOM RIDERS on bus trips through the South. • Freedom Rides led to violent attacks.
Section III: The Movement Grows • Freedom Rides • 2ndBus -Attacked in Birmingham -Local police did not assist -T. Eugene “Bull” Connor -Chief of Police -Blamed freedom riders for the violence -Result : More riders were sent under protection from President Kennedy.
Continued Struggles • Non-Violent protests were not always successful. • Cities and towns in the south started to meet “non-violence with non-violence.” • Taught protestors progress would come when racists responded to peaceful demonstrations w violence • Protestors focused their attention to Birmingham
Section III: The Movement Grows • Birmingham, 1963 • Southern Christian Leadership Conference -Began a series of boycotts, marches, and sit-ins to protest city’s segregation laws. • Police arrested some 600 people • Bull Connor ordered police to attack the protesters. -Fire hoses, dogs, nigh sticks • What happened because of this?
Section III: The Movement Grows • Summer of 1963 • President Kennedy – suggested legislation giving all Americans the right to be served in all public facilities. • Aug. 28, 1963 -March on Washington -Support for Civil Rights Act - Martin Luther King Jr. “I have a dream speech”