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Meteorology is the study of weather, weather phenomena, and weather forecasting.

Meteorology is the study of weather, weather phenomena, and weather forecasting. It uses two kinds of observations: Qualitative : not based on numbers (hot, cold, cloudy). Quantitative : based on standardized units or conventions (wind chill, humidity, temperature).

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Meteorology is the study of weather, weather phenomena, and weather forecasting.

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  1. Meteorology is the study of weather, weather phenomena, and weather forecasting. It uses two kinds of observations: Qualitative: not based on numbers (hot, cold, cloudy) Quantitative: based on standardized units or conventions (wind chill, humidity, temperature) Weather is a description of the current conditions. Climate: average weather conditions over time, as determined by many decades of meteorological observations or data.

  2. Explain the composition of gases in Earth’s atmosphere. • Describe the basic structure of our layered atmosphere,including the troposphere and stratosphere.

  3. Weather is the interaction between atmosphere and hydrosphere (air and water). Air is a mixture of many things: 1. Permanent gases - amounts that don’t change much. 78 % nitrogen gas (N2) 21 % oxygen gas (O2) 0.035 % carbon dioxide (CO2) 1% Other gases

  4. 2. Variable gases - amounts that change constantly. Most important - water vapour: 0  7% 3. Aerosols – small particles flying around. (salts, ash, dust, pollution, pollen)

  5. Layers of the Atmosphere THERMOSPHERE ≈ 80 km MESOSPHERE ≈ 50 km STRATOSPHERE ≈ 12 km TROPOSPHERE

  6. Troposphere - ground level to 12 – 15 km high. • Where weather takes place. • Most clouds occur in the troposphere. World temperature of ground: 17ºC Average temperature at 14 km: -52ºC The temperature of the air changes with altitude – It usually decreases with higher altitudes.

  7. Air pressure also decreases with altitude. • Measures the amount of gas molecules. • Average pressure at ground: 101.3 kPa • Average pressure at 14 km: 10 kPa • Troposphere contains 75 % of air mass on Earth.

  8. Stratosphere -14 km to 50 km • Contains the ozone layer (O3) – 1 cm thick • Air pressure continues to decrease. • Buttemperature increases from –52º C to –3º C. Harmful Ultraviolet (UV) radiation from Sun is absorbed by the O3– increases temperature.

  9. 3. Mesosphere - 50 to 80 km • Continued pressure and temperature decreases. • 4. Thermosphere - 80 to 500 km • Aurorae borealis (northern lights) in lower part. • Space shuttles, satellites, space stations. • Beyond – exosphere (space) • Contains NO air molecules (vacuum)

  10. Hydrosphere-all solid, liquid, and gaseouswater • 71 % of surface is covered by water. P Potable water – means ‘drinkable’ without having to treat it.

  11. Caspian Sea

  12. Amazon R.

  13. Congo R.

  14. Humidity Amount of water vapour (gas) held in the air. • Waterevaporates(liquid to gas) at all temps. The amount of water that evaporates depends on the pressure and temperature of the surrounding air.

  15. Water vapour sticking together - clouds. Groups get bigger / heavier – rain. The observation of clouds provides excellent weather forecasting information.

  16. Clouds influence the amount of heat and light that we receive every day. Common cloud types in the troposphere: cumulus (white, puffy), stratus, and fog High in stratosphere: only thin, wispy cirrus clouds.

  17. The storm clouds common to Manitoba summers (cumulonimbus clouds) can carry very large moisture content. These are heavy rain and hail clouds that extends high into the troposphere.

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