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Section C: Petroleum as a Building Source

Section C: Petroleum as a Building Source. In this section we study: Common hydrocarbon “builder molecules” and Some materials made from them. Section C.1: Creating New Options: Petrochemicals. Petrochemicals – compounds produced from oil and natural gas

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Section C: Petroleum as a Building Source

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  1. Section C: Petroleum as a Building Source • In this section we study: • Common hydrocarbon “builder molecules” and • Some materials made from them http://www.sebosis.com/members/peter/teaching/chemincomm

  2. Section C.1: Creating New Options: Petrochemicals • Petrochemicals – compounds produced from oil and natural gas • Some petrochemicals are used directly: detergents, pesticides, pharmaceuticals & cosmetics • Most are raw materials - mostly in plastics: paints, fabrics, rubber, insulation, foams, adhesives, etc. • Only a few builder molecules are used to make 1000’s of new substances. http://www.sebosis.com/members/peter/teaching/chemincomm

  3. Section C.1: Creating New Options: Petrochemicals (continued) • 1 key builder molecule is ethene, or ethylene H H H H | | | | C==C + H–OH  H–C–C–H | | | | H H H OH Ethene Water Ethanol (addition reaction) • Easily reacts due to double bond http://www.sebosis.com/members/peter/teaching/chemincomm

  4. Section C.1: Creating New Options: Petrochemicals (continued) • Ethene can react with itself (500-20,000 times): H H H H H H H H H H | | | | | | | | | | n C=C  -C-C-C-C-C-C-  -(-C-C-)-n | | | | | | | | | | H H H H H H H H H H Ethene (a monomer) Growing polymer chain Polyethene (a polymer) • This reaction is an addition polymer http://www.sebosis.com/members/peter/teaching/chemincomm

  5. Section C.1: Creating New Options: Petrochemicals (continued) • Many polymers can be created monomers that resemble ethene: H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | C=C(-C-C-C-C-C-C-)n C=C(-C-C-C-C-C-C)n | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | H Cl H ClH ClH Cl H CN H CNH CNH CN Vinyl chloride Polyvinyl chloride Acrylonitrile Polyacrylonitrile (a monomer) (a polymer) (a monomer) (a polymer) • Also, styrene and polystyrene (benzene atom) http://www.sebosis.com/members/peter/teaching/chemincomm

  6. Section C.2 –Beyond Alkanes • Carbon atoms bond with 4 other atoms (alkanes/saturated), they can also bond with 3 other atoms (alkenes/unsaturated) • Carbon to carbon bonding like in Ethene is a double covalent bond and better building blocks – unsaturated prefer a 4th atom • Different atoms(1) and arrangements of like atoms(2) dramatically changes the substance: • Oxygen, nitrogen, chlorine or sulfer • C2H6O (grain alcohol) & C2H6O2 (antifreeze) http://www.sebosis.com/members/peter/teaching/chemincomm

  7. Section C.3 (lab) – The Builders • Alkene names are like alkane names: ethene, propene, butene, etc. • No methene as must have 2 Carbon atoms. • 1-butene, double bond is between 1st & 2nd, 2-butene, double bond is between 2nd & 3rd. http://www.sebosis.com/members/peter/teaching/chemincomm

  8. Section C.4 –More Builder Molecules • Two new classes of compounds (rings): • Cyclohexane for nylon: a cycloalkane, saturated • Aromatic compounds: unsaturated, benzene is simplest. No surprise – has a pleasing smell. CH2 CH CH2 CH2 CH CH or CH2 CH2 CH CH CH2 CH Cyclohexane Benzene http://www.sebosis.com/members/peter/teaching/chemincomm

  9. Section C.4 –More Builder Molecules (continued) • Oddly, the double bonds in benzene are not reactive. Evidence is that bonds are =, not alternating. Electrons are shared equally with all 6 carbon atoms! • So… we draw benzene: • Petroleum has few aromatic compounds, but many are made by cracking and fractionating. • Dye and drug industries are based on aromatics http://www.sebosis.com/members/peter/teaching/chemincomm

  10. Section C.5 – Builder Molecules Containing Oxygen http://www.sebosis.com/members/peter/teaching/chemincomm

  11. Section C… More to come • More to come… • For more on diamonds, buckey balls, etc see: http://users.omskreg.ru/~kolosov/atlas/3D-crystals/bonding.html http://www.sebosis.com/members/peter/teaching/chemincomm

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