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Bituminous Materials. PETROLEUM AND PRODUCTION. Petrolem = Petra + Oleum Rock + Oil Petroleum is often called crude oil , fossil fuel or oil.
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PETROLEUM AND PRODUCTION • Petrolem = Petra + Oleum • Rock + Oil • Petroleum is often called crude oil, fossil fuel or oil. • It is called a fossil fuel because it was formed from the remains of tiny sea plants and animals that died millions of years ago. • When the plants and animals died, they sank to the bottom of the oceans. • Here, they were buried by thousands of kms of sand and sediment, which turned into sedimentary rock. • As the layers increased, they pressed harder and harder on the decayed remains at the bottom. • The heat and pressure changed the remains and, eventually, petroleum was formed.
How coal formed Millions of years ago trees died and fell to the bottom of swamps. Over time they became covered by mud and rock. the trees became fossilized, forming coal. Over millions of years, due to high temperatures and pressure…
Where We Get Oil? The world's top five crude oil-producing countries are: • Saudi Arabia • Russia • United States • Iran • China
Concentration of Oil • Structural Traps • Fault • Anticline • Salt dome http://www.priweb.org/ed/pgws/systems/traps/traps_home.html
Petroleum is defined by 4 physical categories historically • Boiling point • Density • Odour • Viscosity • Light-heavy : Low boiling point and relative density • Heavy-heavy : High boiling point, viscous. • Because crude oil has Fe, Mg, Ca, P, V, S, Zn, Co, clay, water and other residuals, it has to distillate for internal combustion engines.
Crude Oil • Crude oil is a mixture. • It contains hundreds of different compounds. • Some are small but most are large. • Nearly all of these compounds contain carbon and hydrogen only. • They are called hydrocarbons. • Also some other compounds contain small amounts of N and S. Why? Hydrocarbons are molecules that contain carbon and hydrogen only.
Oil Refining • Typical Oil • Gasoline C4 to C10 27% • Kerosene C11 to C13 13% • Diesel C14 to C18 12% • Heavy gas oil C19 to C25 10% • Lubricating oil C26-C40 20% • Residue >C40 18%
The importance of oil • The hydrocarbons in crude oil are essential to our way of life • We use them as fuels for most forms of transport. • We also use them as raw materials from which a HUGE range of useful everyday substances are made
Making Oil Useful • Crude oil is a mixture of hydrocarbons with a VERY wide range of sizes. • Crude oil itself has no uses because its properties are not definite. • To make crude oil into useful substances we have to separate the mixture into molecules of similar size. • This is done in an oil refinery in a process called fractional distillation. • The physical property used to separate the fractions is boiling point.
From the Field to the Refinery Oil drilling occurs both at sea and on land, depending on the size and profitability of the oil deposits located. The first step is the transport of the crude oil from its natural location to the refinery. Once obtained from the ground, the oil is transported by ship, truck or pipeline to the refinery. Extraction process of crude oil from the Sea
Fractional Distillation Of Crude Oil • To separate it into useful products begins. • Have complex stages and each part have several processes. • The very first step is to break up the crude oil.
Distillation • Distillation separates chemicals by the difference in how easily they vaporize. • The two major types of classical distillation include continuous distillation and batch distillation. • Continuous distillation, as the name says, continuously takes a feed and separates it into two or more products. • Batch distillation takes on lot (or batch) at a time of feed and splits it into products by selectively removing the more volatile fractions over time. • Many industries use distillation for critical separations in making useful products. These industries include petroleum refining, beverages, chemical processing, petrochemicals, and natural gas processing.
Fractional Distillation Of Crude Oil • Fractional distillation of crude oil is the first step in the production of manyof the materials we have come to rely on in modern life. • All our fossil fuels, virtually all our plastics, detergents and commercial alcoholsare made from products of this process. • In order to separate the different length chains in the crude mix, it is heated to avery high temperature. • The temperature cannot be set higher than this as there is a risk that the lighterfractions will ignite.
Fractional Distillation Of Crude Oil • Distillation is the most common form of separation technology used in petroleum refineries, petrochemical and chemical plants, natural gas processing. • Industrial distillation is typically performed in large, vertical cylindrical columnsknown as "distillation or fractionation towers" or "distillation columns" withdiameters ranging from about 65 centimetres to 6 metres and heights rangingfrom about 6 metres to 60 metres or more. • The distillation towers have liquid outlets at intervals up the column which allowfor thewithdrawal of different fractions or products having different boiling pointsor boiling ranges. • By increasing the temperature of the product inside thecolumns, the different hydrocarbons are separated. • The "lightest" products(those with the lowest boiling point) exit from the top of the columns and the"heaviest" products (those with the highest boiling point) exit from the bottom ofthe column.
Major products of oil refineries Liquid petroleum gas (LPG) Gasoline (also known as petrol) Naphtha Kerosene and related jet aircraft fuels Diesel fuel Fuel oils Lubricating oils Asphalt and Tar Petroleum coke
Major products of oil refineries Fractional distillation is used in oil refineries to separate crude oil into useful substances (or fractions) having different hydrocarbons of different boiling points
Asphalt The products refined from the liquid fractions of crude oil can be placed into ten main categories • Asphalt • Asphalt is commonly used to make roads. • It is a colloid of asphaltenes and maltenes that is separated from the other components of crude oil by fractional distillation. • Once asphalt is collected, it is processed in a de-asphalting unit, and then goes through a process called “blowing” where it is reacted with oxygen to make it harden. • Asphalt is usually stored and transported at around 150 C.
Diesel and Fuel Oil Diesel Diesel is any fuel that can be used in a diesel engine. Diesel is produced by fractional distillation between 250° Fahrenheit and 350° Fahrenheit. Diesel has a higher density than gasoline and is simpler to refine from crude oil. It is most commonly used in transportation. Fuel Oil Fuel oil is any liquid petroleum product that is burned in a furnace to generate heat. Fuel oil is also the heaviest commercial fuel that is produced from crude oil.
GASOLINE • Gasoline is an extremely flammable fuel source for automobiles and other vehicles and equipment. • A liquid, it can be colorless, pale brown or pale pink. • Gasoline is not a single substance. • There is no such thing as pure gasoline. • Gasoline is produced by refining petroleum, and it consists of a complex mixture of over 120 hydrocarbons.
Gasoline and Kerosene • Gasoline • It is mainly used as fuel in internal combustion engines, like the engines in cars. • Gasoline is a mixture of paraffins, naphthenes, and olefins, although the specific ratios of these parts depends on the refinery where the crude oil is processed. • Gasoline refined beyond fractional distillation is often enhanced with iso-octane and ethanol so that it is usable in cars. • Gasoline is called different things in different parts of the world. • Some of these names are: petrol, petroleum spirit, gas, petrogasoline, and mogas. Kerosene Kerosene is collected through fractional distillation at temperatures between 150° Fahrenheit and 275° Fahrenheit. It is a combustible liquid that is thin and clear. Kerosene is most commonly used as jet fuel and as heating fuel.
Liquefied Petroleum Gas and Kerosene • Liquefied Petroleum Gas • Liquefied petroleum gas is a mixture of gases that are most often used in heating appliances, aerosol propellants, and refrigerants. • Different kinds of liquefied petroleum gas, or LPG, are propane and butane. • At normal atmospheric pressure, liquefied petroleum gas will evaporate, so it needs to be contained in pressurized steel bottles. • Lubricating Oil • Lubricating oils consist of base oils and additives. • Different lubricating oils are classified as paraffinic, naphthenic, or aromatic. Lubricating oils are used between two surfaces to reduce friction and wear. • The most commonly-known lubricating oil is motor oil, which protects moving parts inside an internal combustion engine.
Paraffin Wax and Bitumen • Paraffin Wax • Paraffin wax is a white, odorless, tasteless, waxy solid at room temperature. • The melting point of paraffin wax is between 47° C and 65° C, depending on other factors. • It is an excellent electrical insulator, second only to Teflon®, a specialized product of petroleum. • Paraffin wax is used in drywall to insulate buildings. It is also an acceptable wax used to make candles. • Bitumen • Bitumen, commonly known as tar, is a thick, black, sticky material. • Refined bitumen is the bottom fraction obtained by the fractional distillation of crude oil. • This means that the boiling point of bitumen is very high, so it does not rise in the distillation chamber. The boiling point of bitumen is 525° C. • Bitumen is used in paving roads and waterproofing roofs and boats. Bitumen is also made into thin plates and used to soundproof dishwashers and hard drives in computers.
Fractional Distillation cool hot Fuel gas Why do these fractions condense over a boiling range? Petroleum Kerosene Diesel Lub. Oil Bitumen
Uses of each fraction Burned in the refinery to fuel the distillation process, sold as LPG, purified and sold as bottled camping gas Fuel gas Petrol / gasoline Fuel for cars and motorcycles, also used to make chemicals. Naphtha Used to make chemicals used everwhere. Paraffin / Kerosine Fuel for green house heaters and jet engines, manufacture of chemicals. Diesel fuel Fuel for lorries andtrains. Fuel and lubricating oil Fuel for the heating systems of large buildings, fuel for ships, lubricating oil. Bitumen Roofing, and road surfaces.
The boiling points of molecules B.Pt (oC) No. Carbon atoms In general, the bigger the molecule the higher the boiling point.
boiling ranges Here are the boiling ranges of some fractions obtained from distillation of petroleum. 1-5 5-10 9-14 13-17
What is Bitumen? • In North America, bitumen is commonly known as “asphalt cement” or “asphalt binder.” • Asphalt pavement is a mixture of about 5 percent bitumen (asphalt cement) and 95 percent small stones, sand, and gravel. • Bitumen (asphalt cement) is produced by distillation of crude oil during petroleum refining. • It also occurs naturally. • Bitumen can be divided into broad categories based on physical properties and specifications for different uses. • Straight-run bitumen is used in paving • Oxidized bitumen is used in roofing
What is Coal Tar? Coal is a fossil fuel mined from ancient deposits. It is a black mineral of plant origin which is chemically, a complex mixture of elemental carbon, compounds of carbon containing hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and sulphur. Coal is believed to have been formed about 300 million years ago under the Earth by a process called carbonization. Carbonization is the process of slow conversion of vegetable matter to coal under the Earth due to the action of high pressure, high temperature, anaerobic bacteria and absence of oxygen.
Types of coal • Depending upon the extent of carbonization, coal can be classified into four types as follows: • Classification of coal • Peat 11% , • Lignite 38% (Soft coal / brown coal) • Bituminous 65% (Household coal) • Anthracite 96% (Hard coal) • Peat is the first stage in the conversion of vegetable matter to coal while anthracite is the last.
Distillation or Destructive distillation of coal ? The process of heating coal in the absence of oxygen to obtain useful products is called destructive distillation of coal
Comparison between Asphalt and Tar • SIMILARITIES: • Composed principally of Bitumen. • Black or dark brown in color. • Cementitious. • Water repellent. • DIFFERENCES: • Distinguished by odor (tar has an aromatic odor). • The insoluble portion in natural asphalt is mineral matter, while the insoluble in tar is free carbon. • Tar molecules tend to be aromatic (ring or cyclic), while asphalt molecules tend to be aliphatic (straight chain) • Tar is more temperature susceptible • Tar can coat aggregates better and is more water resistant. • Asphalt is more weather resistant. • Asphalt can occur in natural form or come as a by-product of petroleum refinery. Tar does not occur in natural form, but comes as a by-product in the manufacture of coke or water-gas. • Fumes from heated tar cause health hazards such as severe eye and skin irritation.
Comparison between Asphalt and Tar Tar Bituminous
The composition of bitumen • Bitumen is a complex combination of hydrocarbons with small quantities of sulphur, oxygen, nitrogen and trace quantities of metals such as vanadium, nickel, iron, magnesium and calcium. • Crude oils normally contain small quantities of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), a portion of which end up in bitumen. • Although some of these PAHs are suspected of causing cancer in humans, the concentrations are extremely low and no causal link to cancer in humans has been established. • Most bitumensmanufactured from a range of crude oils contain: Carbon 82 - 88% Hydrogen 8 - 11% Sulphur 0 - 6% Oxygen 0 - 1.5% Nitrogen 0 - 1%
