Government & Infrastructure

1. Government & Infrastructure Natalie Busta, Tyler Pfohl, Adam Reiss, & Allie Schmalz

2. Overview • Definitions of “urban” and “city” • Types of local government

3. Definitions • Urban area – an area containing a central, large population and communities close by that are economically associated with that nucleus. • Population density • City – “and incorporated municipality, usually governed by a mayor and a board of council men.” (Dictionary.com) • Legal definition & geographic boundaries

4. Local Government • 2 tiers • Counties • Municipalities (Cities, towns) • Population center • Vary in size • Responsibility for parks, police and fire departments, housing services, emergency medical services, municipal courts, transportation services, and public works • The state must grant power to local governments. • City officials are directly elected (“State and Local Government”)

5. Types of Municipal Governments • Council – Manager • City council oversees administration, makes policies and sets budgets • Council appoints a city manager • Day-to-day administrative operations. • Mayor is chosen from the council on a rotating basis (“Forms of Municipal Government”, 2010).

6. Types of Municipal Governments • Mayor – Council • Mayor elected separately from the council and holds executive powers • Council is elected and holds legislative powers (“Forms of Municipal Government”, 2010).

7. Types of Municipal Governments • Commission (legislative and executive) • Voters elect commissioners to a governing board • Each commissioner oversees as specific aspect (fire, police, health, etc.) • One commissioner is designated as mayor (“Forms of Municipal Government”, 2010).

8. Types of Municipal Governments • Town Meeting (5% of U.S. municipalities) • All voters meet to decide on policies and officials are elected to carry out the policies • Representative Town Meeting (1% of U.S. municipalities) • Representatives selected via voters • Representatives attend town meetings and discuss issues • Select individuals are responsible for implementing policies decided on (“Forms of Municipal Governemnt, 2010).

9. Local Government • Chicago’s City Government (Mayor-Council) • City wide officials (Executive branch): • Mayor, Clerk & Treasurer • Chicago City Council = Legislative branch • 50 members – one from each ward • Ward = municipal legislative district • Essential for development of cultural identities of neighborhoods (Mayfield, 2004)

10. Local Governments • Phoenix, AZ (Council-Manager) • City council oversees administration, makes policies and sets budgets • Council appoints a city manager • Day-to-day administrative operations (National League of Cities, 2010). • Phoenix’s city manager oversees 40 departments and major city functions • Works closely with the mayor and city council to provide services and pass ordinances (“How Your City Works”, 2012)

11. Latinos as a percent of eligible voters, by congressional district, 2008 • National Average = 8% (2010) • 47% of eligible actually voted (national average= 63.8%)

12. CURRENT REGISTERED LATINO VOTERS

15. TOP ISSUES AMONG LATINO VOTERS

16. MARCO RUBIO

17. SONIA SOTOMAYOR

18. Los Angeles • Los Angeles Population: 3,800,000 • Latinos make up 48.5% of the population • Los Angeles housing make-up: • 38.2% owner-occupied • 61.8% public • Dubuque housing make-up: • 65.7% owner-occupied • 34.3% public • Neighborhood Councils

19. Ethnic Enclaves • Chinatown • Historic Filipinotown • Koreatown • Little Armenia • Little Ethiopia • Thai Town

23. Los Angeles Politics • 1960: Fewer than 10% Latino • Present day: Roughly 50% Latino • 1980s: Lines were drawn to stop Latinos from entering political positions • 1991: The lines were removed which led to the election of Gloria Molina to the Board of Supervisors • 1991: 18% of seats held by Latinos • 2009: 33% of seats held by Latinos

24. Latino Politics • Latino immigrants and their children • Children old enough to vote now • Latino officials in Los Angeles: • Mayor Antonio Villaraigosa • 4City Council Members • California • 9 Latino State Senators • 17 Latino Assembly Members

25. East Los Angeles (Region) • Region lays east of downtown Los Angeles and the Los Angeles River • “East L.A.” refers to the predominantly Hispanic descent communities in the region • Population shifts & Gentrification • White and Filipino residents to working-class and middle-class pockets • Drawn by architecture and schools • Affordable alternative

26. East Los Angeles, CA

27. East Los Angeles, CA • Unincorporated area in Los Angeles, CA • Population of 126,000 people • 97.1% Latino • No local government • Campaign for cityhood

28. Public Services

29. Examples

30. Public Service Questions • What service? • What level of service should be provided? • Who should provide it? • How should it be paid for? • Who should it be provided to?

31. Operational Level • Is it efficient? • Is it effective? • Is it equitable?

32. Examples of Efficiency Measures forWaste Collection: • Cost per ton • Cost per household • Tons collected per man hour • Households serviced per man hour

33. Examples of efficiency measures for mass transit: • Cost per passenger mile • Cost per vehicle mile • Number of passenger trips per employee

34. How do you measure effectiveness? Healthcare- Mortality rates Education- Standardized test Fire prevention- Number of fires per capita Roads- Observation Other- Surveys

35. Equity:Hawkins vs. Town of Shaw • 98% of unpaved streets were occupied by blacks • 19% of black homes were not served by sanitary sewers, compared to 1% of white households. • Court ruled violated the equal protection clause of the 14th Amendment

36. Equity Principals • Equal Payment • Equal Output • Equal Input • Equal Satisfaction of demand

37. References Dictionary.com. Urban. Retrieved from http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/urban. Dictionary.com. Urban. Retrieved from http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/urban. Forms of Municipal Government. National League of Cities. Retrieved from http://www.nlc.org/build-skills networks/resources/cities-101/forms-of- municipal- government. How Your City Works. (2012). City of Phoenix. Retrieved from http://phoenix.gov/citygovernment/cityworks/index.html. Mayfield, L. (2005). Government, City of Chicago. Encyclopedia of Chicago. Retrieved from http://www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org/pages/532. html. State and Local Government. The White House. Retrieved from http://www.whitehouse.gov/our-government/state-and-local- government

38. References cont. "As Deportations Rise to Record Levels, Most Latinos Oppose Obama's Policy." VII. Views of the Political Parties and Party Identification. Web. 10 May 2012. http://www.pewhispanic.org/2011/12/28/vii-views-of-the- political-parties-and-party-identification/ "Latinos and the 2010 Elections: Strong Support for Democrats; Weak Voter Motivation."Pew Hispanic Center. Web. 10 May 2012. http://www.pewhispanic.org/2010/10/05/latinos-and-the-2010- elections-strong-support-for-democrats-weak-voter-motivation/ “Hispanics and the 2008 Election: AA Swing Vote?” Taylor, Paul and Fry, Richard. 2007. Pew Hispanic Center. "U.S. Senator for Florida, Marco Rubio." U.S. Senator for Florida, Marco Rubio. Web. 10 May 2012. http://www.rubio.senate.gov/public/ "Background on Judge Sonia Sotomayor | The White House." Background on Judge Sonia Sotomayor | The White House. Web. 10 May 2012. <http://www.whitehouse.gov/the_press_office/Backgroun d-on-Judge-Sonia-Sotomayor>