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NUCLEAR CHEMISTRY

NUCLEAR CHEMISTRY. FYI: Historical Perspective. Henri Becquerel 1896 - Discovers natural radioactivity. FYI: Historical Perspective. Marie Sklodowska, Polish chemist marries Pierre Curie, French physicist Marie died from leukemia caused by her exposure to radiation

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NUCLEAR CHEMISTRY

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  1. NUCLEAR CHEMISTRY

  2. FYI: Historical Perspective • Henri Becquerel • 1896 - Discovers natural radioactivity

  3. FYI: Historical Perspective • Marie Sklodowska, Polish chemist marries Pierre Curie, French physicist • Marie died from leukemia caused by her exposure to radiation • Pierre was killed while crossing the street when he was hit by a vegetable wagon.

  4. FYI: Historical Perspective • Earnest Rutherford • 1899 – Discovers alpha, beta and gamma radiation

  5. Nuclear Reactions • Involve changes in the composition of nuclei • Accompanied by the release of tremendous amounts of energy

  6. Nuclear Fission • The splitting of a heavy nucleus into lighter nuclei

  7. Nuclear Fusion • The combination of light nuclei to produce a heavier nucleus

  8. Nuclides • Different atomic forms of all elements • Most small nuclides have equal # of protons and neutrons • Some nuclides have “magic #’s” of protons and neutrons and are especially stable

  9. The neutron-to-proton ratio determines the stability of the nucleus • For low atomic #’s: • Equal #’s of protons and neutrons • Above atomic #20: • More neutrons than protons

  10. Nuclei whose neutron-to-proton ratio is unstable undergo radioactive decay by emitting 1 or more particles and/or electromagnetic rays:

  11. Nuclei whose neutron-to-proton ratio is unstable undergo radioactive decay by emitting 1 or more particles and/or electromagnetic rays: helium nucleus 4.0026 2+ low electron 0.00055 1- low-med high energy radiation 0 0 high proton, H nucleus 1.0073 1+ low-med neutron 1.0087 0 very high

  12. Comparing penetrating ability…

  13. Alpha Particle Decay • Example 1: Radium-226 transmutates by alpha decay. Write the nuclear equation that represents this process. or

  14. + + Beta Particle Decay • Example 2: Write the nuclear equation for the beta-decay of boron-12. or

  15. Gamma Radiation • Example 3: Write the nuclear equation representing gamma radiation given off by the unstable radionuclide cobalt-60.

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