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The Head and Neck

The Head and Neck. Triangles of the Neck. Neck subdivided into two triangles Separated by the sternocleidomastoid muscle Anterior triangle Posterior triangle. Boundries: Anterior - sternocleidomastoid Posterior - trapezius Inferior – clavicle Contents:

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The Head and Neck

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  1. The Head and Neck

  2. Triangles of the Neck • Neck subdivided into two triangles • Separated by the sternocleidomastoid muscle • Anterior triangle • Posterior triangle

  3. Boundries: Anterior - sternocleidomastoid Posterior - trapezius Inferior – clavicle Contents: Nerves: accessory nerve, cranial plexus, phrenic nerve, brachial plexus Artery: Subclavian Vein: External jugular Triangles of the Neck: Posterior

  4. Boundries: Anterior - midline Posterior - sternocleidomastoid Superior – inferior margin of the mandible Contents: Glands: Submandibular Muscles: Suprahyoid and infrahyoid muscles Artery: Carotid Vein: Internal jugular, External jugular Nerve: Acccessory Triangles of the Neck: Anterior

  5. Triangles of the Neck

  6. Lingvalni trokuti su: donji - trigonum linguale (Beclard) i gornji - trigonum linguale Pirogoff - dno oba trokuta je musculus hyoglossus; - granice gornjeg su: intermedijarna tetiva digastrikusa i cornu maius ossis hyoidei - granice donjeg su: intermedijarna tetiva digastrikusa i stražnji rub milohioidnog mišića - lateralno od m. hyoglossus i površno kroz oba trokuta prolazi n.XII s venom pratilicom - medijalno i ispod hyoglossus-a leži a. lingualis

  7. Nasal Cavity Nostril Oral Cavity Larynx Pharynx Upper Respiratory Tract

  8. Only portion of the RT that is externally visible Functions: Provides airway for respiration Moistens and warms air Filters inhaled air Resonating chamber for speech Houses olfactory receptors 2 divisions: External nose Internal nasal cavity Nose

  9. Air enters here during breathing Passes through the nares (nostrils) Divided into R and L by nasal septum Continuous with the nasopharynx through the internal nares Nasal Cavity

  10. Nasal Cavity • Boundries: • Roof – ethmoid bone (cribiform plate) • Floor – maxilla (palatine process) palatine (horizontal plate) • Lateral walls – nasal bones, superior and middle nasal conchae (ethmoid bone), inferior nasal conchae, maxilla, palatine bone • Hard palate • Palatine bones and maxillary bone • Soft palate • Muscular posterior portion

  11. Vestibule Superior to nostrils Skin lined with: Sebaceous glands Greasy secretion Collect dirt Lubricate Kill bacteria Sweat glands Acidic Slows growth of bacteria Hair follicles Trap small particles of dirt Vibrissae Nose hairs Filter large particles (insects) Nasal Cavity

  12. Olfactory Mucosa Roof of nasal cavity Houses small receptors Respiratory Mucosa Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium Goblet cells Lamina propria Mucous and serous cells Venous plexus Function is to filter and warm inhaled air Lining of the Nasal Cavity

  13. Nasal Conchae • Project medially from each lateral wall • 3 structures: • Superior • Middle of ethmoid bone • Inferior • Functions: • Filters air • Heats air • Moistens air • Reclaim heat and moisture during exhalation

  14. Air filled cavities that surround the nasal cavity Lined by mucosa Perform same function as nasal cavity and lightens skull Located in Frontal, Ethmoid, Sphenoid, Maxilla bones Paranasal Sinuses

  15. Connects the nasal cavity and mouth to larynx and esophagus Extends from base of skull to level of C6 vertebra Common passage for food and air (throat) Lined with skeletal muscle Divided into: Nasopharynx Oropharynx Laryngopharynx Pharynx

  16. Regions of the Pharynx Nasopharynx Oropharynx Laryngopharynx Pg 584

  17. Location: Posterior to nasal cavity Inferior to sphenoid bone Superior to level of soft palate ONLY an air passageway Closed off during swallowing by the soft palates’ uvula Giggling! Ciliated pseudostratified epithelium Contain: Pharyngeal tonsils (adenoids) Tubal tonsils Nasopharynx

  18. Location: Postreior to the oral cavity Extends inferiorly from level of the soft palate to level of the esophagus Swallowed food and inhaled air pass through here Stratified squamous epithelium Contain: Palatine tonsils Lingual tonsils Oropharynx

  19. Lymphoid organ Swellings of the mucosa lining the pharynx Form ring around the entrance to the pharynx 4 groups: Palatine Lingual Pharyngeal Tubal Remove pathogens MALT Tonsils

  20. Location: Lies posterior to larynx Continuous with the esophagus and larynx Common passageway for food and air Stratified squamous epithelium Laryngopharynx

  21. “Voice box” Extends from C4 to C6 Attachments: Hyoid bone superiorly Continuous with trachea inferiorly Functions: Vocalization Provides open airway Switches to route air and food into proper channels Innervation: Vagus Superior part = stratified squamous epithelium Below vocal cords= ciliated pseudostratified columnar Larynx

  22. Composed of 9 cartilages connected by membranes and ligaments: 1 Thyroid 1 Cricoid 1 Epiglottis 2 Arytenoid 2 Corniculate 2 Cuneiform Larynx

  23. Thyroid Cartilage Large Shield shaped Formed by 2 plates Composed of laryngeal prominence Adam’s Apple!! Laryngeal Cartilages

  24. Cricoid Inferior to thyroid cartilage Forms a complete ring Perched on top of the trachea Laryngeal Cartilages

  25. Epiglottis Composed of elastic cartilage Covered by mucosa Projects upward from anterior wall of laryngeal inlet to level of base of tongue Laryngeal Cartilages

  26. Located in the larynx Mucosal folds formed by vocal ligaments Composed of elastic fibers Run from arytenoid cartilages to the thyroid cartilages Exhaled air passes over them and causes vibration Force of air = volume Length & tension of folds = pitch False vocal cords Vestibular folds (superior to true) Vocal Cords

  27. Location: In anterior neck On trachea, inferior to larynx 2 lateral lobes Connected by the isthmus Butterfly shape Largest endocrine gland in body Produces TH Increases metabolic rate Calcitonin Depresses excess levels of Ca+ in blood Thyroid Gland

  28. Internally, composed of follicles Follicular cells TH Parafollicular cells Calcitonin Blood supply Superior thyroid arteries Branches of external carotids Inferior thyroid arteries Branches of subclavians Thyroid Gland

  29. Location: Inferior to mandible In anterior neck Associated with the skull Only bone in skeleton that does not articulate directly to another bone!!! Attaches via ligaments to temporal bone, larynx Composed of: Body 2 pairs of horns Functions: Moveable base for tongue Points of attachment for larynx and neck muscles Sternohyoid, thyrohyoid, Hyoid Bone

  30. Mouth Tongue Salivary glands Teeth Mouth and Associated Organs

  31. Food enters alimentary canal through here Mucosa-lined Thick stratified squamous epithelium, with keratinization in some areas Boundaries: Lips anteriorly Cheeks laterally Palate superiorly Tongue inferiorly Oropharynx posteriorly Mouth divided into 2 parts: Vestibule Oral cavity proper Mouth - Oral Cavity

  32. Mouth • Lips (labia) and Cheeks • Keep food inside mouth during chewing • Composed of skeletal muscle surrounded by skin • Lips formed by orbicularis oris muscle • Cheeks; Muscles of Mastication (pg 266-67) • Temporalis & Masseter (elevate mandible, close mouth) • Buccinator (chewing) • Digastric (lower mandible against resistance, opens mouth) • Pterygoids (lateral movements) • Palate: forms the roof of the mouth • Soft palate (posterior) rises to close off nasopharynx during swallowing; made of muscle • Hard palate (anterior) provides surface for tongue to force food against during chewing

  33. Tongue • Functions • Grips and moves food between teeth during chewing • Mixes food with saliva = BOLUS • Moves bolus down pharynx • Speech production • Houses taste buds (= gustation) • Creates floor of mouth • Attachments: hyoid, mandible, styloid process, soft palate • Made of Skeletal muscle with a CT septum • Intrinsic muscles (change shape; rolling) • Extrinsic muscles (movement; protrude, retract) • Motor = Hypoglossal (CN XII) • Sensory = Mandibular (CN V3), Facial (CN VII), Glossopharyngeal (CN IX)

  34. Swallowing • Voluntarily initiated (pharynx) • Peristalsis = propulsion • Involuntary • Alternate waves of contraction and relaxation of muscles in organ walls (e.g. esophagus) • Squeezes food from one organ to next • Some mixing

  35. Compound tubuloalveolar glands Intrinsic salivary glands In mucosa of tongue, palate, lips and cheeks Keeps mouth moist at all times Extrinsic salivary glands Lie external to mouth Connected by ducts Secrete only during eating or prior to (“mouth watering”) 3 paired glands: Parotid Submandibular sublingual Salivary Glands

  36. Produce saliva Mixture of water, ions, mucus and enzymes Moistens mouth Dissolves food for taste Binds food into a bolus Enzymes digest starch Bicarbonate buffer neutralizes acids Kill microorganisms Contains proteins to promote growth of beneficial bacteria Salivary Glands

  37. Teeth – From Eruption to Edentate • Teeth lie in sockets (alveoli) in gum-covered margins in mandible and maxilla • Have 2 sets of teeth (dentitions) • Primary dentition / deciduous (milk) teeth • Permanent dentition (21 years; 32 teeth) • Incisors (8): rip, cut • Canines (4): tear and pierce • Premolars (8): grinding • Molars (12): grinding

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