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Manned Space Explorations

Manned Space Explorations. Manned Space Explorations. U.S. Manned Space Program Soviet Manned Space Program Case Study: The Space Shuttle Case Study: Space Stations. The Crew of the Challenger Space Shuttle It exploded less than 2 minutes after liftoff killing the entire crew.

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Manned Space Explorations

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  1. Manned Space Explorations

  2. Manned Space Explorations • U.S. Manned Space Program • Soviet Manned Space Program • Case Study: The Space Shuttle • Case Study: Space Stations The Crew of the Challenger Space Shuttle It exploded less than 2 minutes after liftoff killing the entire crew. Unit 4, Chapter 15, Lesson 15: Manned Space Explorations

  3. U.S. Manned Space Program • American Crews in Space • Project Mercury • Project Gemini • Project Apollo Unit 4, Chapter 15, Lesson 15: Manned Space Explorations SECTION 15.1

  4. U.S. Manned Space ProgramAmerican Crews in Space • During the years between 1961 and 1975, the U.S. launched a number of manned space flights. • The U.S. space programs included Project Mercury, Project Gemini, Project Apollo, Project Skylab, and the Apollo-Soyuz joint mission with the Soviets. Unit 4, Chapter 15, Lesson 15: Manned Space Explorations

  5. U.S. Manned Space ProgramProject Mercury • The United States launched its first satellite in 1958. By 1961, the United States was ready to attempt manned space flight. America’s first manned space flight program was called Project Mercury. • Seven U.S. pilots were chosen as the original astronauts: Scott Carpenter, Gordon “Gordo” Cooper, John Glenn, Virgil “Gus” Grissom, Walter Schirra, Alan Shepard, and Donald “Deke” Slayton. (Figure 15-1) The Seven Original NASA Astronauts Unit 4, Chapter 15, Lesson 15: Manned Space Explorations

  6. U.S. Manned Space Program Project Mercury (cont’d) • Mercury’s mission was to find out if a human could survive space travel and how space travel might affect the human body. Figure 15-2 shows a cut-away view of the Mercury capsule. • The Mercury capsule was very small but had just enough room for the crew member and all required equipment. A Cut-away of the Mercury Capsule Unit 4, Chapter 15, Lesson 15: Manned Space Explorations

  7. U.S. Manned Space ProgramProject Mercury (cont’d) • Alan Shepard was the first American in space in a suborbital flight that lasted only 15 minutes on May 5, 1961. • Figure 15-3 shows that recent space suits look very different from the one Alan Shepard is wearing. Alan Shepard Suiting-up Unit 4, Chapter 15, Lesson 15: Manned Space Explorations

  8. U.S. Manned Space Program Project Mercury (cont’d) • Project Mercury’s third flight was also its first orbital flight. John Glenn became the first American to orbit the Earth. He remained in orbit for 4 hours and 55 minutes, while orbiting the Earth three times. John Glenn Enters His Capsule, Friendship 7 Unit 4, Chapter 15, Lesson 15: Manned Space Explorations

  9. U.S. Manned Space Program Project Mercury (cont’d) • Project Mercury’s original goal had been to put someone into orbit for one day. • The six flights of the program proved that the basic flight sequences were sound and that a pilot had a place in orbital flight. • Astronauts could not maneuver the capsule, they could direct it to its splashdown point. Unit 4, Chapter 15, Lesson 15: Manned Space Explorations

  10. U.S. Manned Space Program Project Gemini • Project Gemini’s objectives were to: • Improve methods needed for a lunar mission. • Put two people in space. • Rendezvous and dock with another spacecraft. • Achieve the first walk in space. The Two-Man Gemini Capsule Unit 4, Chapter 15, Lesson 15: Manned Space Explorations

  11. U.S. Manned Space Program Project Gemini (cont’d) • During Gemini’s ten flights, it became the first two-person capsule and achieved the first American walk in space. • Gemini also gathered additional information about how space flight affects the human body. Unit 4, Chapter 15, Lesson 15: Manned Space Explorations

  12. U.S. Manned Space ProgramProject Gemini (cont’d) • Project Gemini had been designed with two primary goals: • A flight duration of two weeks. • The development of methods for a rendezvous in space. • By the time the missions were completed, the astronauts had the skills necessary to make a Moon landing. Gemini IV’s Astronaut Ed White’s 22 Minute Space Walk Unit 4, Chapter 15, Lesson 15: Manned Space Explorations

  13. U.S. Manned Space ProgramProject Apollo • Apollo 11 landed on the Moon and on July 20, 1969, Neil Armstrong was the first man to walk on the Moon. Edwin “Buzz” Aldrin became the second man on the Moon. • The crew consisted of Neil A. Armstrong, Edwin E. “Buzz” Aldrin and Michael Collins who stayed in the Lunar Lander while Armstrong and Aldrin walked on the Moon. Unit 4, Chapter 15, Lesson 15: Manned Space Explorations

  14. U.S. Manned Space ProgramProject Apollo (cont’d) Armstrong on the Moon Aldrin prepares to step on the Moon Astronauts Collins, Aldrin and Armstrong Unit 4, Chapter 15, Lesson 15: Manned Space Explorations

  15. U.S. Manned Space Program Project Apollo (cont’d) • After Apollo 11, there were six more Apollo flights to the Moon. • Five of them resulted in successful Moon landings. Apollo 13 was aborted due to an explosion in the spacecraft. But the Apollo 13 crew was brought back successfully to Earth. Unit 4, Chapter 15, Lesson 15: Manned Space Explorations

  16. Soviet Manned Space Program • Cosmonauts in Space • Vostok • Voskhod • Soyuz Unit 4, Chapter 15, Lesson 15: Manned Space Explorations SECTION 15.2

  17. Soviet Manned Space ProgramCosmonauts in Space • The Soviet Union’s space program developed along the same lines as the American program and occurred at approximately the same time. • However the Soviets had several firsts in the space race. Unit 4, Chapter 15, Lesson 15: Manned Space Explorations

  18. Soviet Manned Space ProgramVostok • The Soviets launched the first satellite into space called Spunik. • The Soviets, having the advantage of larger rockets, launched Major Yuri Gagarin into space on April 12, 1961 aboard the Vostok 1. • Vostok 6 carried the first woman into space in June 1963. Yuri Gagarin: the First Human in Space Unit 4, Chapter 15, Lesson 15: Manned Space Explorations

  19. Soviet Manned Space ProgramVoskhod • Vostok was followed by the Voskhod series which launched a three-person capsule in October 1964. • On March 18, 1965 aboard the Voskhod 2 spacecraft, Cosmonaut Alexei Leonov became the first person to walk in space. Unit 4, Chapter 15, Lesson 15: Manned Space Explorations

  20. Soviet Manned Space ProgramSoyuz • Soyuz means “union” and the spacecraft were designed for docking in space. • Soyuz consisted of three modules: • An instrument module with the rocket engines • An orbital module • A descent module Soyuz Launch Unit 4, Chapter 15, Lesson 15: Manned Space Explorations

  21. Soviet Manned Space ProgramSoyuz (cont’d) • The cosmonauts would begin in the instrument section and after reaching orbit they would move into the orbiter module to conduct experiments. When they started the flight back they would move into the descent module. • On re-entry into the Earth’s atmosphere the three modules would separate with only the descent module re-entering the Earth’s atmosphere. Unit 4, Chapter 15, Lesson 15: Manned Space Explorations

  22. Soviet Manned Space ProgramSoyuz (cont’d) • Cosmonaut Vladimir Komarov died when Soyuz 1 crashed while trying to rendezvous with Soyuz 2. • Soyuz 4 and Soyuz 5 fulfilled the mission of docking and transferring crew members in space. Unit 4, Chapter 15, Lesson 15: Manned Space Explorations

  23. Case Study: The Space Shuttle • Experiencing the Space Shuttle • Overview of the Space Shuttle Program • Space Shuttle Systems • External Tank • Solid-rocket Boosters • Astronaut Life • Astronaut Selection and Training • Space Shuttle Crew Positions • Space Shuttle Mission Operations • The Space Shuttle’s Future Unit 4, Chapter 15, Lesson 15: Manned Space Explorations SECTION 15.3

  24. Case Study: The Space ShuttleExperiencing the Space Shuttle • Most recently, the Shuttle has helped deploy and build main parts of the International Space Station. We’ll look at: • How astronauts live and work in space • What it takes to become a Shuttle astronaut • The people on the ground who support the Shuttle missions Unit 4, Chapter 15, Lesson 15: Manned Space Explorations

  25. Case Study: The Space ShuttleOverview of the Space Shuttle Program • NASA developed the Space Shuttle system in the 1970s. • During the early 1970s, NASA and their contractors did studies to design a reusable space transportation system. • The Space Shuttle’s mission is to transport its payload (crew and cargo) into low-Earth orbit. Major design requirements were that the orbiter and the two solid-rocket boosters be reusable. Unit 4, Chapter 15, Lesson 15: Manned Space Explorations

  26. Case Study: The Space ShuttleOverview of the Space Shuttle ProgramThe Orbiter • The Space Shuttle System has three main elements: • The orbiter that ferries crew and cargo to and from orbit (Figure 15-12). • . Space Shuttle Orbiter Unit 4, Chapter 15, Lesson 15: Manned Space Explorations

  27. Case Study: The Space ShuttleOverview of the Space Shuttle ProgramThe External Tank (ET) • An external tank (ET) (Figure 15-13) which contains fuel and oxidizer for the SSMEs. The ET drops off to burn up in the atmosphere about 8 minutes after lift-off Space Shuttle’s External Tank Unit 4, Chapter 15, Lesson 15: Manned Space Explorations

  28. Case Study: The Space ShuttleOverview of the Space Shuttle ProgramSolid Rocket Boosters (SRBs) • Two solid-rocket boosters (SRBs) (Figure 15-14) used during the first two minutes of the mission to get the entire system off the ground and moving toward orbit. Space Shuttle’s Solid Rocket Booster Unit 4, Chapter 15, Lesson 15: Manned Space Explorations

  29. Case Study: The Space ShuttleSpace Shuttle SystemsThe Orbiter The Space Shuttle Orbiter’s Rollover: one of the pre-launch milestones. Unit 4, Chapter 15, Lesson 15: Manned Space Explorations

  30. Case Study: The Space ShuttleSpace Shuttle SystemsSpace Shuttle’s Main Engines (SSMEs) • Space Shuttle’s Main Engines (SSMEs) are reusable, high-performance rocket engines that use liquid propellant to produce variable thrust. • The SSMEs use liquid hydrogen as fuel with liquid oxygen as the oxidizer (Figure 15-16). The Space Shuttle’s Main Engines (SSMEs) Unit 4, Chapter 15, Lesson 15: Manned Space Explorations

  31. Case Study: The Space ShuttleSpace Shuttle SystemsOrbital Maneuvering System (OMS) • Orbital Maneuvering System (OMS), shown in Figure 15-17 provides the necessary velocity change to insert the Shuttle in its orbit, make the orbit circular, and handle orbit transfer, rendezvous, and de-orbit. The Shuttle’s Two OMS Engines Unit 4, Chapter 15, Lesson 15: Manned Space Explorations

  32. Case Study: The Space ShuttleSpace Shuttle SystemsReaction Control System (RCS) • The orbiter’s Reaction Control System (RCS) has a forward and an aft RCS. • The forward RCS is in the forward fuselage’s nose area. • The aft (right and left rear) RCS is with the orbital maneuvering system in the OMS/RCS pods. Unit 4, Chapter 15, Lesson 15: Manned Space Explorations

  33. Case Study: The Space ShuttleSpace Shuttle SystemsEnvironmental Control and Life Support System (ECLSS) • Environmental Control and Life Support System (ECLSS). The ECLSS consists of systems that do the following: • Refresh air • Cool water • Revitalize and control atmospheric pressure • Actively control temperature • Supply water and handle waste water • Collect waste • Support the airlock Unit 4, Chapter 15, Lesson 15: Manned Space Explorations

  34. Case Study: The Space ShuttleSpace Shuttle SystemsEnvironmental Control and Life Support System (cont’d) • The functions of the ECLSS include: • Maintaining relative humidity between 30 and 75 percent • Keeping carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide at safe levels • Controlling temperature and ventilation in the crew compartment • Cooling electronics on the flight deck, mid-deck, and crew compartment Shuttle Commander, Air Force Colonel Eileen Collins Unit 4, Chapter 15, Lesson 15: Manned Space Explorations

  35. Case Study: The Space ShuttleSpace Shuttle SystemsElectrical Power System • Electrical Power System (EPS). The EPS consists of three subsystems: power reactant storage and distribution (PRSD), fuel cell power plants, and electrical power distribution and control. Unit 4, Chapter 15, Lesson 15: Manned Space Explorations

  36. Case Study: The Space ShuttleSpace Shuttle SystemsCommunication System • Telemetry information about its operating conditions and configurations, system, and payloads. • Commands to the orbiter systems to make them perform some function or configuration change. • Documentation from the ground that prints out on the orbiter’s teleprinter or text and graphics system. • Voice communications among the flight crew members and between the flight crew and ground. • Information transfers through radio-frequency (RF) links directly with the ground or through the tracking and data relay system (TDRS). Unit 4, Chapter 15, Lesson 15: Manned Space Explorations

  37. Case Study: The Space ShuttleSpace Shuttle SystemsThermal-protection System (TPS) • Thermal-protection System (TPS). The TPS allows the crew to survive the heat of re-entry. • The Space Shuttle’s high temperatures were simulated in the test of the thermal insulation materials. Thermal-protection System Unit 4, Chapter 15, Lesson 15: Manned Space Explorations

  38. Case Study: The Space ShuttleExternal TankLiquid-oxygen Tank • Liquid-oxygen Tank • The liquid-oxygen tank is an aluminum pressure vessel that keeps liquid from sloshing and whirlpooling. Unit 4, Chapter 15, Lesson 15: Manned Space Explorations

  39. Case Study: The Space ShuttleExternal TankLiquid-hydrogen Tank • Liquid-hydrogen Tank • The liquid-hydrogen tank is a large, aluminum pressure vessel. • This tank attaches to the orbiter through struts and ball fittings. Unit 4, Chapter 15, Lesson 15: Manned Space Explorations

  40. Case Study: The Space ShuttleExternal TankIntertank • The intertank is made from steel and aluminum with flanges on each end that allow it to join the liquid-oxygen and liquid-hydrogen tanks. • The intertank houses electronics and instruments. It also houses a plate through which ground workers can supply purge gas, detect hazardous gas, and boil off hydrogen gas as part of ground servicing. Unit 4, Chapter 15, Lesson 15: Manned Space Explorations

  41. Case Study: The Space ShuttleSolid-rocket Boosters • Two solid-rocket boosters (SRBs) provide the main thrust to lift the Shuttle off the pad and up to an altitude ofabout 43 kilometers - the first two minutes of flight (Figure 15-21). • The SRBs are the largest solid-propellant motors ever flown and the first designed for reuse. Solid-rocket Boosters (SRBs) Unit 4, Chapter 15, Lesson 15: Manned Space Explorations

  42. Case Study: The Space ShuttleAstronaut LifeEating and Drinking • The mid-deck of the orbiter has equipment for each crew member to stow, prepare, and eat food in two categories: menu or pantry. • Three daily meals provide an average daily intake of about 2700 calories. • The water dispenser provides the flight crew with water for drinking and reconstituting food. Cosmonaut Korzun eating in Space Unit 4, Chapter 15, Lesson 15: Manned Space Explorations

  43. Case Study: The Space ShuttleAstronaut LifeSleeping • Sleeping arrangements consist of a mix of sleeping bags and sleep restraints or rigid sleep stations. • In addition, each astronaut has a kit that contains eye covers and earplugs. • The 24-hour period normally divides into eight hours of sleep and 16 hours awake for each crew member. The crew members get 45 minutes to prepare for each sleep period. Kathryn Sullivan and Sally Ride prepare to sleep. Unit 4, Chapter 15, Lesson 15: Manned Space Explorations

  44. Case Study: The Space ShuttleAstronaut LifePersonal Hygiene • Each crew member gets a kit for tooth-brushing, hair care, shaving, nail care and other needs. • Going to the bathroom in space is much more complicated than on Earth. The Space Shuttle’s toilet (Figure 15-24) uses gravity to pull waste into the vacuum of space. Space Toilet Unit 4, Chapter 15, Lesson 15: Manned Space Explorations

  45. Case Study: The Space ShuttleAstronaut Selection and Training • NASA continually accepts applications for the Astronaut Candidate Program. • Civilians may apply at any time. • Military personnel must apply through their parent service. • Mission-specialist and pilot-astronaut candidates must have at least a bachelor’s degree from an accredited institution in engineering, biological science, physical science, or mathematics. • Selected applicants are designated astronaut candidates and assigned to Johnson Space Center for training and evaluation. Unit 4, Chapter 15, Lesson 15: Manned Space Explorations

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