22.1 Introduction

1. Chapter 22 Turning and Boring Processes (Review) EIN 3390 Manufacturing ProcessesSummer A, 2012

2. Turning is the process of machining external cylindrical and conical surfaces. • Boring is a variant of turning where the machining results in an internal cylindrical or conical surface. • Turning and Boring are performed on a lathe where a single point tool is moved across the rotating workpeice 22.1 Introduction

3. Basic Turning Operations FIGURE 22-2 Basic turning machines can rotate the work and feed the tool longitudinally for turning and can perform other operations by feeding transversely. Depending on what direction the tool is fed and on what portion of the rotating workpiece is being machined, the operations have different names. The dashed arrows indicate the tool feed motion relative to the workpiece.

4. Turning constitutes the majoring of lathe work and is summarized in two categories. • Roughing: Used to remove large amounts of material using large depth of cuts and slow speeds. Requires less time to remove material, though dimensional accuracy and surface finish quality are lost. • Finishing: Uses light passes with speeds as fine as necessary to produce the desired finish. One to two passes are usually required to produce a smooth finish. 22.2 Fundamentals of Turning, Boring, and Facing Operations

5. Turning Calculations FIGURE 22-3 Basics of the turning process normally done on a lathe. The dashed arrows indicate the feed motion of the tool relative to the work. Depth of Cut Lathe rpm Cutting Time Ns = (12V) / (pD1) Tm = (L + A) / (fr Ns)

6. Turning Calculations (Example) 1.78” diameter steel bar is to be turned down to 1.1”. Overall length of the bar is 18.75”, and the region to be turned is 16.5”. The steel bar is made from cold-drawn with a Bhn of 250. Please design the manufacturing processes. Total required DOC = (1.78-1.1)/2 = 0.34” Two cutting processes are planned: 1) rough cut: d1 = 0.3”, and finish cut d2 = 0.04” The toll material for rough cut: HSS for finish cut: Coated carbide tool

7. (for workpiece) AISI for “in” ISO for “mm” FIGURE 20-4 Examples of a table for selection of speed and feed for turning. (Source: Metcut’sMachinability Data Handbook.)

8. (for workpiece) AISI for “in” ISO for “mm” FIGURE 20-4 Examples of a table for selection of speed and feed for turning. (Source: Metcut’sMachinability Data Handbook.)

9. Turning Calculations (Example) 1) Rough cut: from Figure 20 – 4, v = 100 fpm, and f1 = 0.02 ipr for HSS tool The bar is held in a chuck with a feed through the hole in a spindle and supported on the right end with a live center. The ends of the bar have been center drilled. Allowance is 0.5”, and 1 min for resetting the tool after the first cut.

10. Turning Calculations (continued) The spindle rpm Ns = (12V) / (pD1) = 12 x 100 / (3.14 x 1.78) = 214 rpm But we don’t have this particular rpm, so the closest selected rpm is 200 rpm. The time for rough cutting is : Tm = (L + Allowance) / (fr Ns) = (16.5 + 0.5) / (0.02 x 200) = 4.25 min 2) Finish cutting If we select a uncoated carbide tool for the second cut, the allowed cutting speed is 925 fpm and feed is 0.007”. Ns = (12V) / (pD1) = 12 x 925 / (3.14 x 1.18) = 2,996 rpm with 3,000 rpm the closest value. Tm = (L + A) / (fr Ns) = (16.5 + 0.5) / (0.007 x 3,000) = 0.95 min

11. Turning Calculations, cont. FIGURE 22-3 Basics of the turning process normally done on a lathe. The dashed arrows indicate the feed motion of the tool relative to the work. Metal Removal Rate, MRR Alternate equation for MRR s

12. Turning Calculations, cont. Typo on page 601 of the textbook: Rewriting the last term: (D12 – D22)/(4D1) = (D1 – D2)/2 x (D1+ D2)/2 Therefore, since d = (D1 – D2)/2 and (D1+ D2)/(2D1) =~ 1 for small d s

13. Boring Calculations FIGURE 22-4 Basic movement of boring, facing, and cutoff (or parting) process. • Cutting time • Material Removal Rate or MRR = s

14. Facing Calculations FIGURE 22-4 Basic movement of boring, facing, and cutoff (or parting) process. • Cutting time • Material Removal Rate s s r r s

15. The speed, feed and depth of cut are less in Boring, Facing and Cutoff operations because of the large overhang of the tools. Basic deflection calculations for the tool are: l : overhand of tool Deflection in Boring, Facing, and Cutoff Operations

16. FIGURE 22-7 Accuracy and precision in turning is a function of many factors, including tool wear and BUE. Dimensional Accuracy in Turning

17. 22.3 Lathe Design and Terminology • Lathe Engine essential components: • Bed • Gray cast for vibration dampening • Headstock assembly • Spindle • Transmission • Drive motor • Tailstock assembly • Longitudinal way clamp • Transverse way clamp • Quill for cutting tools, live centers, or dead centers FIGURE 22-8 Schematic diagram of an engine lathe, showing basic components.

18. 22.3 Lathe Design and Terminology • Lathe Engine essential components: • Quick-change gearbox • Powers Carriage Assembly movement with lead screw • Carriage Assembly • Fixed to cross slide • Holds tool post at variable orientations • Provides longitudinal and transverse movement of tooling • Ways • Provides precise guidance to carriage assembly and tailstock FIGURE 22-8 Schematic diagram of an engine lathe, showing basic components.

19. 22.3 Lathe Design and Terminology • Lathe Engine essential components: • Quick-change gearbox • Powers Carriage Assembly movement with lead screw • Carriage Assembly • Fixed to cross slide • Holds tool post at variable orientations • Provides longitudinal and transverse movement of tooling • Ways • Provides precise guidance to carriage assembly and tailstock FIGURE 22-8 Schematic diagram of an engine lathe, showing basic components.

20. Tools consists of cutting surface and support • Cutting surfaces can be of same material as support or a separate insert • Supports materials must be rigid and strong enough to prevent tool deflection during cutting • Cutting materials are typically carbides, carbide coatings, ceramics, or high carbon steels • Inserts are used to decrease cost in that the insert is disposed of, and the support reused. 22.4 Cutting Tools for Lathes

21. FIGURE 22-16 Common types of forged tool holders: (a) right-hand turning, (b) facing, (c) grooving cutoff, (d) boring, (e) threading. (Courtesy of Armstrong Brothers Tool Company.) Typical Tool Holders

22. Quick Change Tool Holders • Tool changing can take over 50% of manual lathe operations • Quick Change holders are used to reduce manual tool change time and increase production

23. Work pieces can be held by various methods • Work piece mounted between centers • Work piece mounted within a single chuck • Work piece mounted within a collet • Work piece mounted on a faceplate 22.5 Workholding Devices for Lathes

24. Lathe Chucks are adjustable mechanical vises that hold the work piece and transfer rotation motion from the drive motor to the work piece • Lathe Chucks come in two basic types • Three-jaw self-centering chucks • Used to center round or hexagonal stock • Four-jaw independent chucks • Each jaw moves independently to accommodate various work piece shapes Lathe Chucks

25. FIGURE 22-25 Hydraulically actuated through-hole three-jaw power chuck shown in section view to left and in the spindle of the lathe above connected to the actuator. Lathe Chucks FIGURE 22-24 The jaws on chucks for lathes (four-jaw independent or three-jaw selfcentering) can be removed and reversed.

26. Lathes are used for turning, boring, drilling and facing • Lathe typically holds the work piece in a rotating chuck, with the opposite end supported by a center held in the tailstock • A wide variety of lathe types, and tool types are available depending upon the application and the rate of production Summary

27. Review Questions: 10, 17, 18, and 22 (page 625) Problems (page 625): 1, 2 3. (depth of cut = 0.125 in.) 4. 5. a) HW for Chapter 22