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FALLACIES OF LOGIC

FALLACIES OF LOGIC. REASONING. the process of drawing a conclusion on the basis of evidence. DEDUCTIVE VS. INDUCTIVE. DEDUCTIVE: Reasoning from the general to the specific (cause to effect) INDUCTIVE: Reasoning from detailed facts to general principles.

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FALLACIES OF LOGIC

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  1. FALLACIES OF LOGIC

  2. REASONING • the process of drawing a conclusion on the basis of evidence.

  3. DEDUCTIVE VS. INDUCTIVE • DEDUCTIVE: Reasoning from the general to the specific (cause to effect) • INDUCTIVE: Reasoning from detailed facts to general principles. • http://www.sjsu.edu/depts/itl/graphics/induc/ind-ded.html • http://www.philosophypages.com/lg/e13.htm

  4. Four Types of Reasoning • Reasoning from specific instances • Reasoning from principle • Causal reasoning • Analogical reasoning

  5. Red Herring Ad Hominem Either-Or False Cause Invalid Analogy Bandwagon Slippery Slope Hasty/Sweeping Generalizations FALLACIES-FAULTY REASONING

  6. RED HERRING • A fallacy that introduces an irrelevant issue to divert attention from the subject under discussion.

  7. AD HOMINEM • A fallacy that attacks the person rather than dealing with the real issue in dispute.

  8. EITHER-OR • A fallacy that forces listeners to choose between two alternatives when more than two alternatives exist.

  9. False Cause • One event precedes the next so it must be the cause.

  10. Invalid Analogy • Using an analogy in which the concepts being compared in reality are not similar or do not have important enough similarities to justify the analogy as support.

  11. SLIPPERY SLOPE • A fallacy which assumes that taking a first step will lead to subsequent steps that cannot be prevented.

  12. BANDWAGON • Everyone’s doing it!

  13. HASTY/SWEEPING GENERALIZATIONS • Drawing conclusion on too few examples

  14. OMITTED FACTS Leaving out important facts because those facts might hurt your argument.

  15. STACKED DECK • Presenting only information that supports your position

  16. FALSE ASSUMPTIONS Applying what is true in general to all.

  17. EXAMPLE In his essay on animal training, Roberto said that food rewards are the only way to get animals to learn. He was basing his conclusion on his experience with only two dogs. Audience members who had success training with other methods knew that Roberto had not considered enough animals before forming his opinion.

  18. EXAMPLE In an essay on wolves it might be tempting to assume that because wolves are like dogs in some ways, they are like them in all ways. Also, that since wolves are social, the idea of the lone wolf must be a myth. However, while most wolves are social, a few do fall away from the pack.

  19. Rather than using faulty reasoning, good writers recognize that their readers know that every position has some drawbacks. Instead of denying the drawbacks in your position, address them honestly. Show how they fail to outweigh the benefits of your position.

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