Champlain, Hudson, and Fulton: A History of New York

1. Champlain, Hudson, and Fulton: A History of New York Introduction This Champlain, Hudson, and Fulton study guide was developed to help students utilize a process to understand the information presented in this PowerPoint, recognize reading strategies, and develop reading-for-information skills. Students will: • Recognize Key Terms. • Share their Prior Knowledge of New York State history. • Use and develop Before, During, and After You Read reading strategies. • Develop Reading to Gain Information skills. • Use a graphic organizer to categorize information utilizing During and After You Read skills.

2. This reading activity and study guide will introduce students to the following: • Key Vocabulary Terms – Defined in the “Key Vocabulary Terms” box and identified throughout the presentation in red and italics. Terms are also used in a sentence to help students better understand the term and its use in a proper context. Have students pre-read all key terms. (Before You Read and As You Read) • Prior Experience – Questions in this section are designed to draw from students’ prior knowledge about New York State history. Use these questions to generate student engagement and discussion. (Before You Read) • Information Organization– Students can take notes and think about how Champlain, Hudson, and Fulton contributed to the history of New York State. Students will organize this information in the following categories. (As You Read and After You Read) • Reading for Information – Students follow the study guide and view the PowerPoint to read and understand the information. Students will answer the questions at the end to focus on understanding the information. (As You Read and After You Read)

3. Study Guide Key Vocabulary Terms Quebec A Canadian province in Eastern Canada bordered to the west by Hudson Bay. Lake Champlain Alarge freshwater lake, part of the border between Vermont and New York. Named in 1609 after the French explorer Samuel de Champlain. Cape Cod A peninsula in present-day Massachusetts. Charted by Samuel de Champlain in 1606 and briefly passed in 1609 by Henry Hudson, who named it “New Holland.” Half MoonThe name of a yacht owned by the Dutch East India Company, it was captained by Henry Hudson in 1609 when it sailed into present-day New York Harbor. Wall Street Built by African slaves in 1640, it served as a boundary for the New Amsterdam settlement. It is the historical heart of the New York Financial District and home of the New York Stock Exchange. Canal Transportation waterway used for passage of goods and people, and sometimes connected to lakes, rivers, or oceans. Torpedo Submarine An underwater ship that launches a self-propelled explosive weapon designed to destroy surface ships. Clermont (NorthName given to Robert Fulton’s first steamboat. River Steam Boat) Dutch East/West An organization of Dutch merchantsspecializing in the trade of furs, sugar, and India Company African slaves in the new world. Manhattan An island first called New Netherland off the Hudson River. Discovered by Henry Hudson on September 11, 1609.

4. Activate Prior Knowledge • Have you ever wondered how New York got its name? • How does early water navigation technology from the 1600s affect us today? • What was the primary purpose of African slaves in the new world? • This study guide will focus on the contributions that Champlain, Hudson, and Fulton made to the history of New York.

5. Organize Your InformationUse this graphic organizer to summarize information As You Read and After You Read.

6. Samuel de Champlain No actual images of Samuel de Champlain exist, but this false portrait of the explorer was based on an engraved portrait of Michel Particelli d'Emery by Balthazar Moncornet and dated 1654. Source: Library and Archives Canada In 1603, France established a colonial empire in North America known as New France. That year, French explorer Samuel de Champlain made an expedition to North America and the St. Lawrence River region. In 1608, Samuel de Champlain founded Quebec. It is this settlement that the name “Canada” refers to. Colonization was slow and difficult. Samuel de Champlain – Route 2: Samuel de Champlain 1609 – 1616 Source: http://www.exploreny400.com/

7. The French commercially developed the St. Lawrence River region for the purpose of fur trapping – particularly beaver fur. In 1606, Champlain charted the sand-silted harbors of Cape Cod. Champlain was the first European explorer to see Lake Champlain. In July 1609, he mapped the lake that now bears his name. Modifications of the Beaver Hat Source: Library and Archives Canada • The French developed the St. Lawrence region. Why was this region economically important to them? • ________________________________________________________________ • ________________________________________________________________

8. Henry Hudson In 1609, the Dutch East India Company hired Henry Hudson to cross the Atlantic Ocean on his ship, the Half Moon.Hudson wanted to find a shorter trade route to Asia called the Northwest Passage. Hesailed into New York Harbor and discovered the Hudson River. His explorations helped lead to the Dutch establishment of New Amsterdam in 1624, and Manhattan became the capital of New Netherland. The Dutch established a prosperous fur trading business. Source: Benson Lossing (ed.), Harper's Encyclopedia of United States History, 1905 Source: National Archives of Canada / C-017727 Hudson River looking north from the Bear Mountain Bridge Source:Rolf Müller, taken on May 29, 2005

9. In 1610, Hudson sailed with the British East India Company for England. He claimed Hudson Bay, St. James Bay, and their land boundaries for England. Hudson and his crew explored the eastern shores of Hudson Bay and got trapped in the ice in St. James Bay. In 1611, after Hudson and his crew were freed from the ice, Hudson decided to continue exploring. His crew refused and mutinied by putting him ashore. In 1670, the Hudson Bay Company was formed; it controlled all of the fur trade in North America. French control of the fur trade in this region came to an end. British East India Company Flag Hudson Bay Map

10. In 1625, the Dutch started importing the first African slaves into the villages of New Amsterdam. The slaves were brought to the new world and worked for the Dutch West India Company to clear land; plant and harvest crops; and build houses, roads, bridges, and fortifications. One important fortification built by slaves was Wall Street–a fortified wall built for protection against Native Americans. Today, Wall Street is the home of the New York Stock Exchange. Slave Sale Advertisement (1669) Source: http://www.pbs.org/wnet/ newyork/laic/episode1/topic3/ e1_t3_s2-ls.html "The First Slave Auction at New Amsterdam in 1655," by Howard Pyle Source: http://www.pbs.org/wnet/newyork/ laic/episode1/topic3/e1_t3_s2-ls.html 2. What was the role of African slaves in New Amsterdam? __________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________

11. Robert Fulton Portrait of Robert Fulton Courtesy of the Fenimore Art Museum, Cooperstown, NY Robert Fulton, an engineer and inventor, ushered in a new era of waterway navigation with the introduction of his steamboat, the Clermont, orthe North River Steam Boat.As an inventor, Fulton focused much of his scientific accomplishments on canal building and naval warfare. He designed the inclined plane that replaced canal locks. Canals were used for the easy navigation and transportation of passengers and goods by boat. To see how a canal lock works, click on the BLUE hyperlink. "Robert Fulton's 'Clermont' on the Hudson," ca. 1813. Courtesy of the L. N. Phelps Stokes Collection, Miriam and Ira D. Wallach Division of Art, Prints and Photographs, The New York Public Library, Astor, Lenox and Tilden Foundations. Source: NYPL Digital Gallery

12. Fulton directed the construction of a steamboat in New York in 1807. Registered as the North River Steam Boat, the ship was generally called the Clermont after the Hudson River home of Robert Livingston. On August 17, 1807, the steamboat made its first successful trip of 150 miles (241 kilometers) up the Hudson River from New York City to Albany, in about 30 hours, including an overnight stop. After extensive rebuilding, the boat began to provide regular passenger service on the Hudson. The Clermont was not the first steamboat to be built: an experimental boat, launched on the Seine River in Paris in 1803, sank because the engine was too heavy. But a second boat, which was built in the same year, operated successfully. In 1797, prior to building a steamboat, Fulton was focused on the submarine. In 1801, he built a diving boat, the Nautilus, which could descend 25 feet (7.6 meters) underwater. Fulton's work with submarines continued until 1806. He realized the dangers that submarines would bring to naval warfare. His work with submarines contributed to the development of today's modern torpedo submarine, now used by naval fleets worldwide. Source: http://www.kiac-usa.com/clermont.html 3. Compare the submarine developed by Fulton to submarines used in today’s modern military? ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________

13. SELECTED RESOURCES • Half Moon Press http://www.hudsonriver.com/halfmoonpress/stories/hudson.htm • K.I.A.C. Global Numismatics http://www.kiac-usa.com/clermont.html 3. PBS Kids: Big Apple History http://pbskids.org/bigapplehistory/early/topic10.html 4. Lake Champlain Maritime Museum http://www.lcmm.org/shipwrecks_history/history/history_contact.htm 5. Virtualology: A Virtual Education Project • http://www.samueldechamplain.com/ (Samuel de Champlain) • http://virtualology.com/HENRYHUDSON.ORG/ (Henry Hudson)